5.4) 살충제와 중독
ㄱ) 메타미도포스와 독성 살충제
메타미도포스는 바이엘이 생산해서 모니터란 이름으로 판매했다. WHO에 따르면 메타미도포스는 매우 위험해서, 이를 흡입하거나 삼킬 경우, 피부를 통해 흡수만 되어도 치명적일 수 있다고 한다. 그래서 미국과 뉴질랜드에서 사용을 제한하고 있지만 크메르농민들은 이를 널리 사용하고 있다.
ㄴ) 폴리염화비페닐(PCB)
바이엘은 또한 Clophen이란 이름으로 폴리염화비페닐(PCBs)을 생산하고 있다. 1970년대의 PCBs와 관련된 건강상 위험요소(피부질환, 생식장애와 간질환 등)들은 잘 알려진 사건으로 인해 요주의 사항이 되었다.
PCB가 건강과 환경에 미치는 위험성때문에, 미국환경보호국(EPA)은 직접 독성물질관리법을 1976년 제정하여 PCB의 제조를 금지하고 이들의 사용 및 폐기에 대한 규제를 강화했다. EPA는 1978년 이 규제를 실행했다. 1972년에 바이엘은 폐쇄시스템(변압기, 콘덴서, 유압 유체)에서만 사용하도록 PCB의 공급을 제한했다. 그때까지 약 2만3천톤의 PCB가 “개방 시스템”에서 사용되었다. 1974년에서 1983년 사이 고농도의 염소PCB에서 낮은 농도로 바꾸어 생산했다. 독일에서 PCB의 사용량은 1978년까지 오르내리다가 그 이후 지속적으로 감소하고 있다. 1983년에 바이엘은 마지막으로 PCB를 생산하였고, PCB의 90% 가량을 수출했다. PCB생산은 수출비중 증가와 함께 1980년까지 증가했다.
ㄷ) 바이엘이 네팔에다 독성 살충제를 버리다
바이엘은 네팔에 매우 독성이 강한 오래된 살충제를 수출한 여러 다국적기업 중의 하나로, 네팔에 살충제가 도착한 후 유효기간이 경과하거나 사용이 금지되자 이를 거기에 버렸다. 사실 이 나라에서 발견된 가장 위험한물질(그린피스 활동가들이 나중에 도입을 막았다)은 바이엘에서 유래된 것들이다. 이러한 고도의 강한 독성을 갖고 있는 염화유기인화합물은 유럽연합에서 1988년부터 사용이 금지되었다.
유효기간이 경과한 살충제는 카트만두의 변두리에 위치한 국립농업연구소의 창고에 부적절하게 쌓아놓아 원포장 그대로 버려진채 썩어가고 있었다. 그 독성 폐기물은 지역의 상수도와 관개시설, 토양 뿐만아니라 그 지역 가축과 노동자, 주민들의 건강을 위협하고 있다. 네팔정부가 바이엘에게 도움을 요청함에도 불구하고, 이 회사는 이를 거부하고 있다.
ㄹ) 바이엘이 산과 다른 폐기물을 북해와 라인강에 버리다
바이엘은 중금속을 포함하고 있는 고농도의 황산을 큰 배에 실어 북해에 버리고 있다. 이 산은 이산화티타늄의 제조과정에서 나오는 부산물이다. 이에 따라 그린피스와 바이엘위험저지연합은 법개정과 바이엘이 “자발적”으로 북해에 산을 버리는 행위를 중단하도록 요구하면서 몇 주 동안 레버쿠젠에 있는 항구를 봉쇄했다.
레버쿠젠에 있는 바이엘 소유의 염료공장에서 정기적으로 납, 카드뮴 및 수은 등이 포함된 액체폐기물을 바지선에 실어 라인강에 버렸고, 배 2척을 이용해 바다에도 버렸다.
수 십만 톤의 화학폐기물을 라인강에서 불과 몇 미터 떨어지지않은 곳에 폐기해 인근 지역 노동자들와 환경에 위해를 끼쳤고, 심지어 몇몇이 사망하기도 했다. 이 처리복구 비용으로 200만 마르크 이상을 쏟아부었고, 이 비용의 1/4은 납세자들이 치러야했다.
ㅁ) 가우초
프랑스 농림부장관 Jean Glavany는 프랑스의 꿀벌수를 감소시키는 원인인 바이엘의 살충제 가우초의 해바라기농사에 대한 사용을 중단시켰다. 벌꿀생산자들은 가우초의 식물독성때문에 꿀벌의 무리지움을 손상시키고 있다고 말했다. 바이엘은 과즙과 꽃가루에 잔류한 가우초의 양이 너무 적어 꿀벌에게 영향을 미칠 수 없다고 주장하였지만, 프랑스양봉가연합에 따르면 프랑스의 꿀벌통 숫자가 145만개에서 100만개로 떨어졌다고 한다.
ㅂ) 베이곤
바이엘이 생산하고 있는 살충제인 베이곤은 어린이 백혈병 유발과 연관되어 있다. 연구 결과 이 계열의 화합물에 노출된 임신여성들은 이에 노출되지 않은 산모보다 치명적인 질병으로 발전할 아기를 낳을 가능성이 10배 이상이라는 결과를 보여주고 있다. 베이곤은 살충제로도 모기퇴치제로도 사용되고 있다.
ㅅ) 펜치온
이전에 바이엘의 유기인 살충제 펜치온의 사용 승인을 했던 미국환경보호국(EPA)은 사람들의 건강과 환경에 위험을 초래할 수 있다는 이유로 이를 정지시켰다.
펜치온은 사람에게서도 cholinesterase 저해를 유발할 수 있어 자율신경계를 과도하게 자극하여 메스꺼움, 현기증을 일으키고, 고농도로 노출시 호흡 마비 및 사망까지 초래한다. EPA 독극물학자 William Boyes는 일본의 한 연구에 따르면 펜치온에 노출된 사람들에게서 근시 비율이 높게 나타난다는 결과가 있음을 보여주었다. 또 다른 바이엘의 자체 연구에서도 쥐에게 2년간 고농도의 펜치온을 주입한 결과 눈에 비슷한 문제가 나타남을 보여주었다. 미국 야생생물 보호국의 조사에 따르면 최근 플로리다의 마르코 섬 조류 폐사를 비롯한 여러 건의 조류폐사 사건에 펜치온이 관련된 것으로 나타났다. 보호위원회는 야생생물보고국이 Piping Plover를 포함한 적어도 16여종의 새들이 펜치온에 의해 죽었다는 보고서를 언급하였다. 모기살성충제 사용이 하구와 해양무척추동물들에게 급만성적으로 위험을 초래할 정도로 높아지고 있다.
펜치온은 살충제인 Lebaycid의 주성분인데, 그리스에서는 Lebaycid의 상용을 금지하라는 대규모운동이 일어나고 있다.
ㅇ) Baysiston
바이엘은 브라질에서 커피재배자들이 살충제인 Baysiston에 중독됨에 따라 형사처벌을 받을 위기에 직면해 있다. 이 살충제는 30명 이상의 커피재배자를 중독시켰으며 그들 중 적어도 12명은 매우 위독한 상태이다. 농장노동자기구에서는 건강한 심각한 손상을 입은 노동자들이 수백명에 달할 것으로 보고있다.
브라질에서는 매우 독성이 강한 이 살충제(독일에서는 20년전에 사용이 금지되어있다)를 사용할 때 마스크와 보호헬멧 등을 포함한 안전보호장구를 쓰도록 타이트한 관리지침을 가지고 있다. 하지만 이런 장비들은 가난한 농장노동자들에게는 너무 비싸 쓸 수도 없고, 있다고 해도 브라질의 높은 온도에서는 사용하기가 거의 불가능하다. 게다가 많은 농장노동자들은 글을 몰라 매우 위험한 독성의 살충제 사용법을 제대로 알 수도 없다. 게다가 Baysiston 광고에서는 그 위험성을 축소하거나 무시해 버리고 있다. 심지어 많은 커피재배자들은 Baysiston이 생산량을 늘리는 비료로까지 믿고 있다.
ㅈ) 바이엘이 식량농업기구의 정책을 위반하다
FAO같은 기구들은 Baysiston 마케팅과 같은 살충제 판매를 예의주시하고 있다. FAO정책에 따르면 판매업자들은 값비싼 보호장구가 필요한 살충제의 판매를, 특히 열대나라들에서는 피하도록 하고 있다.
이 회사는 검찰에 의해 제시된 펀드에 10만 레알(약 8만불)을 지불했다. 검찰에 따르면 이 회사는 어떤 금액에라도 유죄판결을 피하고 법정에 서지않기를 원했다고 한다.
비록 바이엘이 Baysiston은 “그 효과가 좋다고 평가받고 있으며 잘 알려져 있다”고 하지만, 이 약에 노출되면 심한 화상이나 근육경련, 근육떨림, 심각한 의식손상, 근육마비에서 호흡마비, 사망까지 초래한다. Baysiston은 또한 땅으로 스며들어 지하수로 들어가 가까운 강을 오염시킨다. 바이엘은 그들도 오염된 경우를 알고 있지만 이는 정보 부족 탓이 아니라 “사용상의 실수”라고 말하고 있다.
ㅊ) 메칠파라치온
메칠파라치온은 유기인살충제로 위장독성을 일으켜 해충을 죽인다. 이는 WHO에 의해 급성독성을 나타내는 “엄청나게 위험한(extremely hazardous)” 등급으로 분류되어 있으며, 라틴아메리카에서 일어나는 살충제중독의 가장 많은 부분을 차지하고 있다. 공식적으로 캄보디아, 중국, 미국, 일본, 말레이지아, 방글라데쉬, 인도네시아, 스리랑카 등지에서는 사용이 금지되거나 제한되어있지만, 이 농약은 인도네시아나 베트남 등 여러 아시아국가들에서 널리 자주 사용되고 있는 실정이다. 바이엘에서 만드는 메칠파라치온제제인 Folidol은 캄보디아시장에서 가장 많이 팔리는 살충제 중 하나이다.
메칠파라치온과 같은 엄청나게 위험한 화학물을 다룰 때는 보호기구 착용이 필수인데 그 비용이 거의 농민 한 사람의 1년 수입에 해당됨으로 농민들이 이를 사용하기는 불가능하다. 이 기어는 또한 드믉게 도시지역에서나 구입할 수 있으며, 30~40도의 열대기후에는 사용하기가 어렵다. 이 화학물질은 국제적으로 정한 최소농도에서도 다루거나 저장하거나 버려서도 안된다. 연구에 따르면 스프레이장비(탱크나 밸브)를 사용해도 손이나 목, 등에 샌 농약이 떨어져 묻기도 하고, 가끔 맨손으로 농약을 섞기도 하는 것으로도 나타났다. 사용한 병을 땅이나 연못에 버려 식품이나 식수원을 오염시키기도 한다. 농약용기통은 지역에 따라 다 쓴 후 가까운 강이나 개울에서 씻어서 목욕통으로도 사용하기도 한다.
게다가 이 농약이 해충뿐만 아니라 유익한 곤충들도 죽이지만 해충의 알까지는 죽이지 못해, 이런 살충제 오용으로 대규모 폭발적인 해충발생의 원인이 되기도 한다. 끊임없는 농약살포는 특정 살충제에 대한 해충들의 저항성을 키워 보통 추천사용 비율을 8배나 초과하는 과용량 사용을 초래하기도 한다. 살충제에 의해 식수원이 오염되어 식수의 안전성에 영향을 미치고, 그 물에 의존해 살아가는 새나 다른 동물, 수중생물들을 죽게하기도 한다.
ㅋ) TDI
1996년 바이엘은 대만의 타이중에 대규모 TDI(Toluylendiisocyanat)공장을 세우려 했다. 이 공장은 연간 10만톤의 TDI를 생산 공급할 수 있는 세계에서 2번째로 큰 공장이다. 이 공장을 지으려하자 많은 타이완 주민들은 이 계획을 반대하였다. 주요한 이유는 TDI 생산시 부산물로 발생하는 1차세계대전 당시 화학무기로 사용한 포스겐이 매우 위험하기 때문인데 시위자는 4,000명을 육박했다. 바이엘 타이완회장 Horst Mück는 이 공장에 문제가 생기는 단 한가지는 폭발에 의한 공장의 파괴인데, 이때 포스겐은 다 타버리므로, 폭발지점 반경 50미터를 넘어가서는 이 가스가 위험농도 이하라고 주장했다.
1997년 6월에 도르마겐에 있는 바이엘의 새로운 TDI공장에서 사고가 발생했다. 부산물인 12톤의 발암물질 TDA가 폭발해 넓은 지역을 불태우고 퍼져나갔다. 이 폭발은 대만에서 뿐만아니라 바이엘이 그전에 언급한 것들이 다 틀렸음을 보여주었다. 그래서 대만정부의 승인이 미루어졌고, 1997년 12월 바이엘은 대만에 새 공장을 짓는 대신 텍사스 베이타운에 있는 그들의 TDI공장을 확장하기로 했다고 발표했다.
ㅌ) 24명의 어린이가 죽고, 18명이 중독되다.
살충제는 시골시장에서는 인스탄트커피나 가루우유, 의약품, 채소 등과 함께 진열되어 팔리고 있다. 개발도상국가에서는 그들이 사는 물건의 라벨에 쓰인 언어가 그들 나라에서 사용되지 않는 언어로 되어 있는 경우가 종종 있다. 2001년 10눨, 바이엘은 메칠파라치온에 오염된 가루우유를 먹고 칠레 안데스산간 마을인 Tauccamarca에서 24명의 아이가 죽고 18명이 심각한 중독사태에 빠진 사건으로 법정에 섰다.
이 하얀 가루는 가루우유와 비슷하고 아무런 화학품 냄새도 나지않고 사용자에게 어떤 주의사항이나 그 안에 담긴 내용물의 위험성을 나타내는 어떤 경고도 없는 작은 플라스틱통에 담겨져 있었다. 라벨에는 단지 스페인어로만 되어 있었고, 싱싱한 당근과 감자만 그려져 있었지 독성을 경고하는 어떤 문양도 없었다.
ㅍ) 필리핀에서의 독성살충제 Baycor와 Nemacur
“엄청나게 위험한(extremely hazardous)” 등급 표시가 된 바이엘의 살충제인 Baycor과 Nemacur은 필리핀의 한 마을인 Kamukhaan에서 일상적으로 바나나플랜트농장에서 사용되었다. 엄청 역겨운 냄새를 풍기면서 구토와 허약, 질식, 피부가려움, 눈을 찌르는듯한 통증 등을 유발한다. 또 어른이나 아이에게 모두 피부병과 기형, 천식이나 갑상선암, 빈혈, 설사, 갑상선염 등 만성질환과 여러가지 질병을 일으킨다. 많은 사람들이 이 살충제가 땅으로 스며들어 물이 오염되는 바람에 죽어갔다. 게다가 이 살충제는 코코넛나무에 코코넛열매가 더 이상 달리지 못하게 만들고, 땅에서 더 이상 작물이 못자라도록 땅을 황폐화시키고 있다. 또 농약을 뿌릴 때마다 많은 동물이 죽어갔다. 많은 사람들이 물에서 놀거나 물을 마시고 죽었고, 농약은 땅으로 스며들었다. 1995년에 바이엘은 그들의 가장 위험한 살충제를 철수시키겠다고 선언했다. 물론 이 약속은 지켜지지 않았다.
ㅎ) Olaqunidox
EU 농업담당관 Franz Fischler의 요청에 따라, EU는 바이엘의 성장호르몬제인 Olaquindox의 판매를 금지시켰다. 과학자들은 집단사육농장에서 사료첨가제로 사용되는 Olaquindox가 유전적인 손상과 암을 유발하는 것으로 보고 있다.
가) 페닐프로파놀아민(PPA)
New England Journal of Medicine에 게재된 연구논문 2편은 페닐프로파놀아민(PPA)이 젊고 건강한 성인에게 뇌졸증을 일으키는 것을 밝혀냈다. 미국FDA도 소비자들에게 이 물질이 들어간 일반약의 복용을 중지하도록 촉구하였다.
FDA는 바이엘의 기침감기약인 Alka-Seltzer Plus 발포정을 포함한 PPA가 들어간 모든 약을 수거하도록 했다.
5년간의 예일대 연구 결과 PPA가 500명에게 뇌졸중을 일으켰고 4명이 사망했다는 사실을 발표했다. 그 결과에 따라 미국FDA는 PPA가 들어간 모든 일반약의 생산을 금지시켰다.
바이엘은 Alka Seltzer의 사용으로 어떤 안전상의 위험도 없다며 예일대 연구의 정확성에 대해 도전했다. Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Formula를 복용 후 심각한 출혈성 뇌졸중을 일으킨 남성 환자를 포함한 소송이 아직도 계류중이다. 그는 영구적인 뇌손상을 겪고 있다.
나) 선박용 페인트의 폴리염화비페닐(PCB)
오슬로 항구 퇴적물을 오염시킨 것은 바이엘이 생산하고 있는 Clophen을 포함한 두 회사에서 판매하고 있는 선박용페인트에 들어있는 폴리염화비페닐(PCB)이라는 연관성이 밝혀졌다. 지구의벗 노르웨이지부와 함께 활동하고 있는 오슬로의 한 로펌은 이 회사들이 PCB가 들어있는 제품의 수납자들에게 이 제품의 위험 가능성에 대한 정보를 제공하지 않은 사실을 들어 이를 제소할 수도 있다고 밝혔다.
다) PCB와 수은
그린피스가 리우데자네이루의 바이엘공장에서 배출된 물질들을 샘플링한 결과 수은같은 중금속과 PCB 등 독성이 강한 금지가 예정된 화학물질들이 발견되었다고 밝혔다. PCB는 주로 전기관련 장비생산에 쓰이는 산업화학물질로 환경을 오염시켜서, UN환경프로그램에서는 영구적인 지구오염원으로 구분한 물질이다. 수은도 매우 독성이 강한 중금속이다.수은은 생체내 유기물형태로 축적되어 지속적으로 신경계나 신장, 성장하고 있는 인간 태아에 손상을 가져온다.
라) 파키스탄에 독성물질을 버리다
파키스탄 북서부 국경지역에 있는 계곡에 여러 해 동안 이 지역 주민들의 건강을 위험하는 독성물질이 버려져 누출되어, 이 지역주민들은 눈과 폐, 위장질환에 직면에 있고 특히 아이들이 심하게 시달리고 있다.
250 드럼의 유효기간이 경과된 살충제를 비밀리에 Khawara계곡으로 실고 가던 4대의 트럭 중 한 대가 전복하는 사고가 일어났다. 비록 그 사고는 하루만에 밝혀졌지만, 땅으로 유출된 살충제로 인한 건강상 부작용은 몇 년간 계속될 것이다.
살충제들은 소위 녹색혁명프로그램에 따라 20년 동안 농민들에게 무상원조로 공급되었지만, 정부에서 이를 시장에서 판매되는 가격보다 더 높은 가격에 이를 팔려고 시도했다. 이 살충제들은 팔리지도 않고 페샤와르에 있는 작물보호청 창고에 아직도 남아있다.
그 지역주민들은 얼마 후 두통에 시달리고 악취와 물에서 이상한 맛을 느낀다고 호소하였다.
세계환경센터의 연구에 따르면 파키스탄 전역에 걸쳐 1,900 군데의 창고에 유효기간이 경과한 약 5천톤의 살충제가 아직도 남아있다고 한다. UN 식량농업기구는 개발도상국가들에 오래된 살충제가 10만 톤이상 쌓여있는 것으로 추산하고 있다.
5.4. Pesticides and Poisons
Methamidophos and other toxic Pesticides
Methamidophos is manufactured by Bayer and marketed as Monitor. According to the World Health Organization, it is extremely hazardous and can be fatal if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. It is restricted in the US and New Zealand, but is widely used by Cambodian farmers. [254]
PCB [255]
Bayer also produced polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, under the trade name ‘Clophen.’ During the 1970s, the health risks associated with PCBs (including skin ailments, reproductive disorders and liver disease) became a major consideration due to several well-publicised incidents.
Because of the health and environmental risks associated with PCB’s, the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 directed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to ban the manufacture of PCB’s and regulated their use and disposal. EPA accomplished this by the issuance of regulation in 1978. In 1972, Bayer restricted their supply of PCB for use in closed systems (transformers, condensers, hydraulic fluid). Until then a total of approximately 23,000 t of PCB were used in “open systems”. There was a shift in production from higher chlorinated PCB to lower chlorinated PCB between 1974 and 1983. The use of PCB in Germany remained more or less constant up to 1978 and then decreased continuously. In 1983, the last year of PCB production by Bayer, 90% of the PCB was exported. The production of PCB increased until 1980 with an increased proportion going into export. In 1983, the last year of PCB production by Bayer AG, 90% of the PCB produced was exported.
Bayer pesticides in toxic dump in Nepal [256]
Bayer was one of several multinationals to export highly toxic obsolete pesticides to Nepal, and abandon them there after they reached their expiry date or were banned. In fact, the most dangerous substances found at the site (which was later contained by Greenpeace activists) originated from Bayer. These include highly toxic chlorinated organomercury compounds, banned for use in the European Union since 1988. The obsolete pesticides had been inadequately stored in rusting and rotting original packaging in a warehouse at the National Agricultural Research Council, located on the outskirts of Katmandu. The toxic waste threatens the health of residents, workers and livestock in the area as well as local water supplies, irrigation systems and soil. Despite requests to Bayer from the Royal Nepalese Government, the company has refused to help.
Bayer Dumps Acid and other Wastes in the North Sea and the Rhine [257]
Bayer hired big ships which they loaded with concentrated sulphuric acid (containing heavy metals) and dumped it into the North Sea. The acid was a bi-product from the manufacture of titanium dioxide. Greenpeace and the Coalition Against Bayer-Dangers blockaded the port in Leverkusen for several weeks, thereby changing legislation and forcing Bayer to “voluntarily” stop dumping the acid into the North Sea.
Liquid waste containing lead, cadmium and mercury was regularly brought in barges down the Rhine from dye factories at Leverkusen, belonging to Bayer, and discharged into the sea from two ships.[258]
A hundred thousand cubic meters of chemical waste were also stored only a few meters from the Rhine river and surrounding residential area, which led to harm to workers and the environment and even a few deaths. The sanitation costs were over 200 million German marks, and the taxpayers had to pay one fourth of the costs.[259]
Gaucho [260]
French Farm Minister Jean Glavany suspended the use of Bayer pesticide Gaucho on sunflower seeds, due to a drop in France’s bee population. Honey producers say that Gaucho has made the plants toxic, thereby damaging their bee swarms. Bayer claims that Gaucho leaves too small of a residue in nectar and pollen to have an impact on bees, but, according to the National Union of French Beekeepers, the number of hives in France dropped to 1 million from 1.45 million.
Baygon [261]
Baygon, a pesticide produced by Bayer, has been linked to child leukaemia. A study showed that pregnant women who were exposed to a substance from the same family of chemicals were 10 times more likely to have a baby which developed the deadly disease than mothers who were not exposed. Baygon is used as an insecticide and also in mosquito repellant.
Fenthion [262]
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) concluded that previously approved uses of Bayer’s organophosphate pesticide fenthion, posed unreasonable risks to human health and the environment.
Fenthion can also cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans; that is, it can overstimulate the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, and at high exposures respiratory paralysis and death. EPA toxicologist William Boyes is reviewing a Japanese study that found a high rate of myopia (shortsightedness) in people exposed to fenthion. Another study by Bayer itself indicates that rats that were given high doses of fenthion over a period of two years had eye problems as well. Its use has been implicated in several bird kill incidents, including recent bird kills on Marco Island, Florida, which are currently under investigation by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Conservancy states that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife report documents the deaths of at least 16 species of birds caused by fenthion, including the Piping Plover. The level of concern is exceeded for endangered species of estuarine/marine invertebrates on an acute and chronic basis from the mosquito adulticide use.
Fentheon is the active ingredient of pesticide Lebaycid, and there was a mass campaign in Greece to stop the use of Lebaycid.
Baysiston [263]
Bayer faced criminal charges in Brazil for poisoning coffee growers with pesticide Baysiston
The pesticide is suspected to have poisoned more than 30 coffee growers, at least 12 of them fatally. Farm workers’ organizations estimate the number of workers with considerable health damage to be several hundred.
There are tight safety regulations in Brazil for contact with the extremely toxic pesticide (which has been banned in Germany for over 20 years), including the use of breathing devices and protective gear. However, this equipment in unaffordable for poor farm workers, and even if it were affordable it would probably not be used due to the tropical temperatures. In addition, many farm workers are illiterate and therefore cannot read the instructions for use of the highly toxic pesticide. Furthermore, the risks are downplayed or ignored in adverts for of Baysiston. Many coffee growers even believe Baysiston to be a fertilizer which increases yield.
Bayer is in violation of the policies of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) regarding the sales of pesticides by marketing Baysiston. According to FAO policy, manufacturers, especially those in tropical countries, should avoid using pesticides that require expensive protective equipment.
The company has paid 100,000 Real (approximately $ 80,000) into a fund that was initiated by the public prosecutor’s office. According to the public prosecutor, the company wants to avoid a conviction at any price and is therefore trying to settle out of court.
Although Bayer insisted that Baysiston was “well known and appreciated for its good effects,” contamination with the substance leads to severe burns, muscular spasm, muscular shivering, severely impaired consciousness and muscle paralysis up to a respiratory standstill – i.e. death. Baysiston also filters through into the ground water and contaminates the nearby rivers. Bayer stated that they are aware of cases of contamination, but they were not due to lack of information but to “inexpert use alone”.
Methyl Parathion [264]
Methyl parathion is an organophosphate pesticide that kills pests by acting as a stomach poison. It is classified as an “extremely hazardous” and acutely toxic product by the World Health Organization, is responsible for a disproportionately large share of pesticide poisonings in Latin America. It is officially banned or restricted in Cambodia, China, the US, Japan, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. However, the chemical is widely used on a frequent basis in various Asian countries (such as Indonesia and Vietnam). Folidol (the Bayer brand name for methyl parathion) is one of the most popular insecticides on the Cambodian market.
The application of extremely hazardous chemicals such as Methyl parathion would require
protective gear that would cost farmers a yearly income, which they cannot afford. The gear is also rarely available in rural markets, and would be difficult to use in 30-40 degree Celsius tropical heat. These chemicals are not handled, stored or disposed of within even minimal international standards. Research has shown that spray equipment (such as tanks and valves) leaks onto hands and down necks and backs, and that these chemicals are often mixed with bare hands. Used bottles are often left in fields or ponds, contaminating the food and water supplies. The containers are used domestically after being washed in the nearest river or streams (which are also used for bathing).
Furthermore, the misuse of pesticides has caused huge pest outbreaks as the chemicals kill the pests, as well as beneficial insects, but not the eggs of the pest. Incessant spraying causes pest resistance to particular chemicals, which has led to an estimated over-dosing in rice by up to 8 times the recommended rate. Water supplies become contaminated with the pesticides, impacting the safety of the drinking water as well as killing birds, aquatic life and other animals which survive on the water sources.
TDI [265]
In 1996, Bayer made plans for a giant TDI (Toluylendiisocyanat) plant in Taichung, Taiwan. The factory was supposed to produce 100, 000 metric tons of TDI per year and would have been the second biggest in the world. From the beginning there was a lot of resistance in Taiwan against this project (there were demonstrations with up to 4, 000 people), especially because of the threats of phosgene, a poisonous by-product of TDI production that was used as a chemical weapon during World War I. Bayer Taiwan Chairman Horst Mück insisted that only one thing could rupture the system: an explosion, which would in itself burn up the phosgene. Beyond 50 meters of the rupture, the gas would be below dangerous levels
In June 1997 a big accident occurred in Bayer’s brand-new TDI plant in Dormagen. 12 tons of carcinogenic TDA (a by-product) exploded, burned and covered a large area. This explosion was also noted in Taiwan since it contradicted to all of Bayer’s previous statements. The approval of the Taiwanese government was delayed. In December 1997 Bayer announced they would abandon their plans in Taiwan and expand their TDI plant in Baytown/Texas instead.[266]
24 children dead, 18 poisoned [267]
Pesticides are sold among instant coffee and milk powder, medicine and vegetables in local markets. In the developing world, they are often labelled in languages not spoken in the country in which they are being sold. In October 2001, Bayer was taken to court after 24 children in the remote Andean village of Tauccamarca were killed and 18 more severely poisoned when they drank a powdered milk substitute that had been contaminated with methyl parathion.
The white powder that resembles powdered milk and has no strong chemical odour was packaged in small plastic bags that provide no protection to users and give no indication of the danger of the product within. The bags were labelled in Spanish only, and carried drawings of healthy carrots and potatoes but no pictograms indicating danger or toxicity.
Baycor and Nemacur in the Phillipines [268]
Bayer’s pesticides Baycor and Nemacur, labelled as “extremely hazardous,” are constantly sprayed in banana plantations in the Philippine village of Kamukhaan. The strong fumes create nausea, weakness, suffocation as well as itchy skin and painful stinging eyes. Skin diseases, abnormalities and various illnesses and ailments (such as asthma, thyroid cancer, anaemia, diarrhoea and goitre) have grown in both infants and adults. Many have died from contaminated water after the pesticides seep into the soil supply. In addition the pesticides have also stopped coconut trees from bearing coconuts, and the soil has become infertile. Each time a spraying occurs, many animals die. Many people have died from drinking or playing in water, and the pesticides have also seeped the soil. In 1995, Bayer declared that they would withdraw their most dangerous pesticides. This promise, of course, has not been kept.
Olaqunidox [269]
At the request of EU agricultural commissioner Franz Fischler, the EU Commission has prohibited the sales of Bayer’s growth hormone Olaquindox. Scientists consider the feed additive used in intensive livestock farming to be genetically damaging and carcinogenic.
PPA [270]
After two studies from The New England Journal of Medicine revealed that
phenylpropanolamine (‘PPA’) could lead to strokes even in young, healthy individuals, the US Food and Drug Administration urged consumers to quit using drugs containing the substance.
The FDA removed all over-the-counter products which contained PPA, including Bayer’s Alka-Seltzer Plus effervescent cough/cold products.
A 5-year Yale University report that indicated PPA had caused 500 strokes and four deaths; the result of this was the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) banning all over-the-counter products whuch contained PPA.
Bayer challenged the validity of the Yale University study, stating that there have been no safety risks involved with the use of Alka Seltzer. A lawsuit is still pending involving a man who suffered a massive hemorrhagic stroke, after taking Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Formula. He suffers permanent brain damage.
PCB In Ship Paints [271]
Polluted sedimnents in the Oslo harbour was found to be linked to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) found in ship paint products sold to shipyards by two companies, including Bayer’s product Clophen. An Oslo firm of lawyers, in cooperation with Friends of the Earth Norway, has stated that a lawsuit would be possible, linked to the fact that the companies have omitted to inform the recipients of the product of its PCB content and/or the possible harmful effects of this.
PCB and Mercury [272]
Greenpeace sampling results show toxic chemicals slated for ban including toxic Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) such as PCBs and heavy metals such as mercury, are being released from the Bayer plant in Rio de Janeiro. PCBs are industrial chemicals (used mostly in electrical equipment) which harm the environment and have been classified by the UN Environment Program as a persistent global pollutant. Mercury is an extremely toxic metal. It is bioaccumulative and in organic form can permanently damage the nervous system, kidneys and developing foetus.
Toxic Dump in Pakistan [273]
A toxic dump and spill in a valley in Pakistan’s North West Frontier Province posed a serious health hazard for local villagers several years after it occurred. The local villagers faced intestinal, eye and lung diseases, especially severe amongst the children.
250 drums of expired pesticides loaded onto four trucks were being secretly taken to Khawara Valley when one truck overturned a few meters from its destination. Although the signs of the accident were cleared before daylight, the adverse health effects from the waste seeping into the soil lingered for years.
The pesticides were imported for free distribution to farmers over 20 years previously under the so-called Green Revolution program, but the government then tried to sell it to farmers at a higher price than it was selling in the open market. The pesticides were not sold and remained at a storehouse of the Department of Plant Protection in Peshawar.
Local villagers soon complained of recurring headaches, a strange taste in the water and a foul smell.
According to a study by World Environmental Centre, around 5,000 tonnes of expired pesticides still remain at 1,900 warehouses across Pakistan. The United Nations Food & Agriculture Organizations estimates there are more than 100,000 tonnes of obsolete pesticide stocks in developing countries.
5.5. 노동 남용
바이엘은 강제수용소에서 노예노동과 어린이노동의 전례에다가 최근에도 악명높은 노동사례들에 연관되어 있다.
ㄱ) 건강과 산업안전 위반
텍사스 직업안전건강관리국은 베이타운에 있는 바이엘의 한 공장에 대해 노동자 건강과 산업안전 위반 협의로 135,900 달러의 벌금을 부과했다. 직업안전건강관리국(OSHA)은 발암물질인 methylenedianiline(MDA)이 누출되어 치운 후에도 계속 노동자들이 접촉되고 있어 2000년 6월부터 이에 대한 조사를 진행했다. 바이엘은 노동자들이 위험물질에 노출되는 응급상황이 발생했음을 알리는데 실패했고, 통제구역설정에도 실패했고, 노동자들이 적절한 보호조치나 보호구 착용을 보장해주는데도 실패했고, 오염된 옷이나 장비를 폐쇄된 저장시설에 보관해야 하는데도 실패했고, 노출에 대한 모니터링에도 실패했다. 바이엘은 사건이 난 후 보고의무시간(6일내)도 여겼다.
ㄴ) 과테말라: 바이엘의 공장에서 직업병과 노동자권리를 무시하다
과테말라에서 노동자들은 의료보장이나 휴가, 계약서도 없이 고용되고 있다. 살충제공장 노동자들은 빈혈이나 신경계손상에 대해 호소하고 있다.
ㄷ) 인도네시아에서의 산업안전법 위반
Kompak은 인도네시아에서 광범위한 산업안전법 위반에 대해 보도하였다. 어린 노동자들의 나이는 조작되었고, 종종 고용하면서 나이를 따지지도 않았다. 어린 노동자들을 아주 위험한 작업을 포함한 모든 영역에서 일을 시켰고, 생산량이 밀리는 경우 종종 16시간 이상씩 일을 시켰다. PT Sinar Plataco 공장에서, 노동자들은 일상적으로 높은 고온증기뿐만 아니라 독성가스에 노출되었고, 노동자들은 피부병과 눈에 이상, 천식, 폐질환, 기침, 두통 등 여러 건강문제에 대해 호소하였다. 조사에 따르면 노동자의 90% 이상이 산업안전보장이 불충분하다고 대답했다. 대부분의 노동자가 위험한 화학물을 다루면서 보호장구를 지급받지 못했으며, 지급된 약간의 마스크도 착용해야 독성증기를 막기에는 불충분했다. 노동자의 절반은 의료보장이나 사회보장을 받지못했다.
ㄹ) 바이엘과 아파르트헤이트 시절의 남아프리카공화국
세계에서 가장 큰 크롬공장 중 하나는 바이엘과 다우케미칼의 합작공장이다. 세계에서 2번째로 큰 크롬생산자인 바이엘은 독일 레버쿠젠에 있는 크롬공장을 폐쇄시켰다. 남아공에서 가장 큰 크롬저장소를 가지고 있는 이 회사는 1973년 이후 이 나라에서 원광석을 가공생산했고, 그들 소유의 광산도 운영했다. 외관상으로 아파르트헤이트 시절의 남아프리카공화국에서 바이엘은 별 문제가 없어보였지만, 남아공정부는 흑인노동자들을 값싸고 권리보장도 없이 이 회사에 공급했다. 크롬생산 노동자들은 호흡기질환과 피부암, 폐암 등 많은 건강과 생명에 위험을 겪었다.
ㅁ) 위험한 브라질 화학공장
리우데자네이루 근처에 있는 바이엘 Belford Rox 공장에서 크롬을 생산하던 한 노동자가 기계를 정비한 후 재가동하다가 누출된 고온가스에 타 죽었다. Belford Rox의 노동자들은 코가 주저앉는 병에 대해 호소하였다. 여러 번의 사고와 이어지는 불만 이후 정부는 이 공장에 대한 조사를 하였고, 리우데자네이루 노동법정은 다음과 같이 판결했다. “여러 증언과 보고에 따르면 이 회사가 아래 행위를 한 증거가 명백하다. 기본적인 산업안전과 건강법에 대한 지속적 위반. 직업병과 산업재해에 대한 인정 거부, 법정근로시간을 초과한 노동강요, 제3자와 특수위험작업 계약, 당국자에 의한 감시 및 모니터링 제한.”
ㅂ) 바이엘이 브라질의 군경찰을 부르다
오랜 항의 뒤에 바이엘과 BASF는 브라질의 노동자들에게 최소한의 권리와 노동조합을 위한 선거 기회만을 허용했다. 1989년 바이엘 Belford Roxo에서의 파업 때, 바이엘은 군경찰을 불러들였고, 얼마 후 이 회사 보안책임자에게 군메달이 수여되고 이 행사는 그들의 회사신문에 크게 보도되었다. 그리고 좀 더 있다가 노조간부들 전부 해고되었다.
ㅅ) Tibras: 노동자권리를 없애다
바이엘의 자회사공장인 Tibras는 직업병에 걸린 노동자들을 해고 예고기간이 1년으로 되어있지만 그 즉시 해고하였다. 바이엘은 건강검진에 따라 1년치에 해당하는 퇴직임금을 주어야 하지만 이조차 주지않았다. 280명의 현 노동자들과 전직 노동자들에게 모든 소송에서 이겼음에도 14년간의 야간교대수당과 추가시간근무수당을 주지않았다. 게다가 그들의 퇴직금을 많은 부분을 지급하기 않기위해 장기근로 노동자들을 정년을 2~3년 앞두고 해고하였다.
ㅇ) 도르마겐공장의 폭발사고
독일의 도르마겐에 있는 바이엘의 자회사 EC ERDOELCHEMIE의 항만에서 폭발사고가 일어나 3명이 죽고 10명이 크게 부상을 당했다. 사고는 탱크에 기름을 채우다가 발생했다. 지역주민들은 하늘을 가득 채운 거대한 검은연기구름을 막으려고 문과 창을 모두 닫아야 했다.
회사내의 탱크트럭에서 사고를 당한 2명의 화학노동자는 조사와 배상책임을 피하길 원하던 회사관리에 의해 그들이 회사 밖에 있었던 것으로 처리헀다. Eight people have died in the last six years in this factory with 2,500에서 1,600명까지 근무했던 이 공장에서 6년 동안 8명이나 죽었고, 3명은 황산에 의한 화상으로 죽었다. 또한 phosgene이나 크롬, 고농도 독성의 인산에스테르에 의해 죽은 경우도 이다. 1996년, 발암물질인 12톤의 Toluylendiamine(TDA)이 도르마겐공장의 파이프에서 누출되어 2명의 노동자가 병원신세를 졌다.
5.5. Abusing Workers
In addition to Bayer history of using slave labour and child labour in the concentration camps, Bayer’s current labour practices are absolutely egregious.
Health and Safety Violations [274]
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration cited the Bayer Corporation in Baytown, TX (USA) for safety and health violations with penalties totalling $135,900. This investigation began in July 2000 after a contract worker notified OSHA of a methylenedianiline (MDA – a regulated carcinogen) spill and clean up, and subsequent exposures. Bayer failed to alert employees who may have been exposed of an emergency, did not establish regulated areas, failed to ensure that employees use appropriate protective work and clothing, failed to place contaminated clothes and equipment in closed containers and failed to institute exposure monitoring. Bayer did not even record the incident on the log within the appropriate amount of time (six days).
Guatemala: No Employment Rights and Work Related Illness at Bayer factory
Workers in Guatemala are hired without contracts, health benefits or vacation. The workers at the pesticide plant complain about anaemia and damage to their nervous system.[275]
Violations of safety regulations in Indonesia
Kompak has reported mass violations of safety regulations in Indonesia. The ages of young workers have been altered, and often the ages of those hired were not even checked. Young workers were used in all areas of production, including those with occupational hazards. In times of high production, shifts sometimes last as long as 16 hours. Workers were consistently exposed to extreme heat and humidity as well as poisonous gases at the PT Sinar Plataco plant, and workers complained about various health problems including skin diseases, eye problems, asthma, pulmonary disease, coughing and headaches. 90% of employees surveyed considered occupational safety insufficient. Many had received no safety instructions for handling hazardous chemicals, and the few masks distributed were cloth and insufficient to protect from toxic fumes. Half of the workers received no health benefits or social security.[276]
Bayer and Apartheid-Era South Africa
One of the largest chrome factories in the world began production as a joint company of Bayer and Dow Chemicals. Bayer, the second largest chrome manufacturer in the world, closed its chrome processing plant in Leverkusen, Germany. Due to the country’s large chrome deposits, the company has processed this raw material in South Africa since 1973, and it even has its own mine. The idea of an apartheid government apparently did not present any problems to Bayer, as the government provided many black workers who were cheap and had no rights. The workers suffered many health risks during chrome production, including respiratory illnesses, skin tumours and even lung cancer.[277]
Dangerous Brazilian Chemical Plant
A man employed in chrome production at the Bayer Belford Rox facility, near Rio de Janeiro, died of burns from hot gas, when production tools were restarted after repairs. Workers at Belford Rox have also complained about ruptured columns of the nose.[278]
After several accidents and subsequent complaints, the government conducted an investigation at the plant near Rio de Janeiro A district attorney at the Rio De Janeiro labour court decreed,
“The testimony and reports make evident that the company: continuously violated basic regulations on industrial health and safety; refused to recognise occupational diseases and industrial accidents, used the highest limits, and enforced working hours above the legal maximum; contracted specialised and hazardous work to third parties; and restricted inspection and monitoring by authorised commissions.”[279]
Bayer Call in Brazilian Military Police
Only after prolonged protests did Bayer and BASF grant their employees in Brazil the opportunity of electing a Works Council – with minimal rights. During the strike at Bayer Belford Roxo in 1989, the military police was called onto the scene, and shortly afterwards the head of company security was decorated with a military medal, an event greatly celebrated in the company newspaper. Furthermore, the entire union leadership was fired.[280]
Tibras: No Employment Rights
Bayer’s subsidiary plant, Tibras, fires employees suffering from occupational diseases immediately, although the lay-off notification period is one year. Bayer doesn’t even pay their entitled one-year wage results of their company medical examinations. 280 employees and ex-employees have not received overtime bonuses and shift payments for fourteen years even after law suits were won on all levels. In addition, long-serving employees have been fired only two or three years before reaching retirement age, thereby losing a large part of their retirement entitlements.[281]
Explosion at Dormagen Plant
Three people died and 10 were critically injured at an explosion in the harbour of the Bayer subsidiary EC ERDOELCHEMIE in Dormagen, Germany. The accident occurred while filling a tanker with gasoline. Local citizens had to keep their doors and windows closed as a giant cloud of black soot filled the air.[282]
Two chemical workers suffered on a tank truck on company premises, and were relocated to a place outside the works by Bayer officials wanting to avoid investigations and compensation claims.
Eight people have died in the last six years in this factory with 2500 – 1600 employees, three alone as a result of sulphuric acid burns. There have also been cases of contamination with phosgene, chromium and highly toxic phosphoric esters.
In 1996 12 tons of Toluylendiamine (TDA), a carcinogenic substance, spilled out of a pipe at Bayer’s Dormagen facility. Two workers were hospitalized.[283]
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References
211 ‘Scientist and Industrial Manager: Emil Fischer and Carl Duisberg’ by Dietrich Stoltzenberg, Center for German and European Studies, University of California at Berkeley, March 1997 available online at http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/std01
212 ‘Ehre dem Giftgas-Erfinder: Uni Bonn bleibt bei Ehrentitel für Gerhard Schrader’ by Otto Köhler used in a BayerWatch/CBG Network exhibition 1995, extracted from an original article in ‘Konkret’ journal. See also http://www.cbwinfo.com/nervgen.shtml
213 ibid 214 and ‘Organophosphorous Intoxication’ by Dherej Khurana and S. Prabhakar. Available online at http://archneur.ama-assn.org/issues/v57n4/pdf/nhn8264.pdf
214 http://www.cbwinfo.com/nervgen.shtml
215 ‘Formeln für US-Nervengase sollen aus Bayer-Labors stammen’ by Günter Hollenstein in Frankfurter Rundschau 23.3.84.
216 for a personal account of a Jewish chemist forced to work for IG Farben read ‘If This is a Man’ (also published as ‘Surviving Auschwitz’) by Primo Levi
217 ‘Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler’ By Antony C. Sutton. 1976. Chapter 2 ‘The Empire of IG Farben’ available online at http://reformed-theology.org/html/books/wall_street/chapter_02.htm. Also look at ‘Germany: Farben to Create Slave Labor Fund’. Associated Press 23.08.00. http://www.corpwatch.org/news/PND.jsp?articleid=600
218 curezone.com file on Bayer AG online at http://www.curezone.com/art/read.asp?ID=37&C0=1
219 ‘Global Parasites, Five Hundred Years of Western Culture’ Winin Pereira and Jeremy Seabrook, 1994, Earthcare Books, p137-138
220 The Great Boycott available online at: http://boycot.port5.com/foodendrug/fooddoc/Hoechst.htm
221 CGB Network Keycode Bayer No. 9 http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__09/kcb__09.html and ‘Offer called too low to compensate Nazi-era slave laborers’ CNN website news 05.10.99. available online at: http://www.cnn.com/US/9910/05/nazi.labor/
222 “Headaches for Bayer: Auschwitz Survivor says Pharmaceutical Giant Aided Nazis” by Brian Ross 11.06.00. available online at: available online at: ABC News http://abcnews.go.com/onair/2020/2020_990611bayer.html
Also look at ‘Germany: Farben to Create Slave Labor Fund’. Associated Press 23.08.00. available online at: http://www.corpwatch.org/news/PND.jsp?articleid=600
IG Farben To Make Slave Labor Fund By Oliver Schmale 23.08.2000. available online at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20000823/aponline220934_000.htm
“Holocaust survivor sues Bayer” in CBG Network newsletter available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__14/kcb__14.html
‘Menschenversuche: Bayer finanzierte Folter in KZ’ by Peter-Ferdinand Koch 1996 sourced from CBG Network Archive, Dusseldorf.
223 UNPress release on Press Conference on Democratic Republic of Congo Report available online at: http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2001/DRCPressCfc.doc.htm
‘UN accuses Bayer of stocking DRC war’ in the ‘Namibian’ 07,06,01, available online at: http://www.namibian.com.na/2001/June/marketplace/01F4ACEAD2.html
‘Guns, Money and Cell Phones’ In the Industry Standard 11.06.2001. available online at: http://www.idg.net/english/crd_tantalum_743818.html
‘A Moral Minefield’ – Michael Bond and Colette Braeckman originally published in New Scientist available online at www.mastaction.org/WhatsNew/News.htm
‘Vital Ore Funds Congo’s War: Combatants Profit From Col-Tan Trade’ By Karl Vick Washington Post. 19.03.01. available online at: http://www.unimondo.org/bukavu/english/docs_en/Coltan_en.html; http://www.findarticles.com/m3MKT/80_109/74034527/p1/article.jhtml
224 ‘Report of the panel of experts on the illegal exploitation of natural resources and other forms of wealth of the Democratic Republic of Congo’ UN Security Council Report, 12.04.01
225 ‘THE COLTAN PHENOMENON: How a rare mineral has changed the life of the population of war-torn North Kivu province in the East of the Democratic Republic of Congo’ published by the POLE INSTITUTE, 2001 www.pole-institute.org
226 ‘Save patent, risk lives?’ published in the San Francisco Chronicle on 22.10.01. Available online at: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/10/22/ED214233.DTL (date viewed: 04.02.02)
227 ‘Cipro Price Fixing Litigation’ by Gilman and Pastor, LLP (a Massachusetts law firm). Available online at: http://www.gilmanpastor.com/Cases/case.asp?id=16 (date viewed: 04.02.02)
228 ‘World TRIPS over US pill plans’ published in the San Fransisco Examiner, available online at: http://www.examiner.com/business/default.jsp?story=b.wto.1105w (source: San Francisco Examiner, date viewed: 04.02.02)
‘Bayer, Anthrax and Cipro’ by the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.com/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__46/kcb__46.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
‘Anthrax, Drug Transnationals and TRIPs’ by the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.com/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__50/kcb__50.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
229 ‘Demonstration at Bayer’s plant in Berkely, March 5th 2001′ by the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.com/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__32___/kcb__32___.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
‘Aids drugs case adjourned’ published by CNN.com on 18.04.01, available online at: http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/04/18/safrica.drugs.02/ (date viewed: 04.02.02)
230 http://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/newsletter/issue4/nl4news.html
231 ‘Justice Department’s ongoing probe into the food and feed additives industry yields second largest fine ever, Bayer Subsidiary Agrees to Pay $50 Million Criminal Fine’, official statement by the US government, published on 29.01.97, available online at: http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/1997/January97/039at.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
232 ‘$6.7 Million in Fines Paid by Jungbunzlauer International A.G. and Haarmann & Reimer Corporation for Violations of the Competition Act’, Press Release by the Canadian government (21.10.98). Available online at: http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/SSG/ct01318e.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
233 ‘Bayer to cut Medicaid drug prices, giant must pay states $14 million’ by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at:http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__44/kcb__44.html
(date viewed: 04.02.02)
234 ‘The Tightening Grip of Big Pharmaceutical Companies’, by Dr. Joseph Mercola, available online at: http://www.mercola.com/2001/may/2/pharmacy.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
235 ‘Know the source’, by A.J. Nomai, available online at: http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/1818/2_5sources.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
236 ‘Project FAAIR: Facts about Antibiotics in Animals and Their Impact on Resistance’ by APUA -Alliance For the Prudent Use of Antibiotics. Availabel online at: http://www.healthsci.tufts.edu/apua/Ecology/faair.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
A selection of Non-Profit Organisations with ties to industry, presented online by Integrity in Science, available at: http://www.cspinet.org/integrity/corp_funding.html (date viewed: 04.02.-02)
‘Bayer, Hill’s make “a commitment … not seen before”‘ published in the American Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association on 15.09.97 Available online at: http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/sep97/s091597d.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
237 ‘German Corporation Bayer donated £120.000 to Bush’ by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__23/kcb__23.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
‘Rebuttal to Bayer’s False Claims regarding FDA’s Proposed Ban on Fluoroquinolones’ by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.citizen.org/congress/reform/drug_industry/contribution/articles.cfm?ID=799 (date viewed: 04.02.02)
An overview of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers contributing to US Elections, presented by Open Secrets, available online at: http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/contrib.asp?Ind=H4300 (date viewed: 04.02.02)
238 ’100 years of Aspirins, white pills with dirty spots’ by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__10/kcb__10.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
239 ‘Commerce Department Imposes $200,000 Penalty on U.S. Firm for Unlicensed Exports’, Press Release (01.03.00) by The Bureau of Export Administration, US Department of Commerce. Available online at: http://www.bxa.doc.gov/press/Archive2000/Bayer200K.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
240 ‘BAYER CORP. attacks critical coverage’, by the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers. Available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__40/kcb__40.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
241 A piece of text on the World bank’s efforts to promote large-scale agriculture, published by the Whirled Bank Group, an action group which criticizes and exposes World bank policies. Available online at: http://www.whirledbank.org/environment/agriculture.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
‘Poison Profits, the G-7 Pesticide Industry’s Stake in the World Bank’. A fact sheet composed by ’50 Years is Enough’, a US Network for Global Economic Justice. Available online at: http://www.50years.org/factsheets/pesticide.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
242 An elaborate overview of Bayer’s famous drug Aspirin by Pharmaceutical Achievers. Available online at: http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/asp/asp80.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
Short essay about heroin, published by the Center for Uniform Drug Law. Available online at: http://www.netaxs.com/~sparky/policy/heroin.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
’100 years of heroin from Bayer, history of a ‘cough’ medicine’, by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__11/kcb__11.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
243 Bayer’s heroin ads can be viewed online at: http://www.heroin.org/sample/ and http://members.dencity.com/warmth/opi004.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
244 An intro to the crimes and punishmant of I.G.Farben, available online at: http://home.earthlink.net/~x288files/I.G.intro.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
245 ‘UK: Bayer in Illegal Drug Trial Scandal’, by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers. Available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__27/kcb__27.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
246 A petition to require a warning on all Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics (HRG Publication #1399) composed by the American-based NGO Health Research Group on 01.08.96. Available online at: http://www.citizen.org/publications/release.cfm?ID=6595 (date viewed: 04.02.02)
247 ‘FDA Says Withdrawn Bayer Drug Linked to 31 Deaths’, published by TALK News on 08.08.01. Available online at: www.talkinternational.com/news_health_august_08a_01.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
‘Baycol linked to 52 deaths’ published by CNN Business News on 11/08/01. Available online at: http://europe.cnn.com/2001/BUSINESS/08/13/bayer (date viewed: 04.02.02)
The following web site provides information on the side effects associated with the cholesterol medication Baycol®: http://www.baycol-side-effects.org (date viewed: 04.02.02)
A short piece on Bayer and its withdrawing of Baycol by lawfirm Sherman Salkow Petoyan & Weber. Available at: http://www.baycol-recall.org (date viewed: 04.02.02)
‘Bayer withdraws cholesterol-lowering drug Baycol/Lipobay’, published by The Bayer Press Service on 08.08.01
Available online at: http://www.news.bayer.com/news/news.nsf/ID/01-0219 (date viewed: 04.02.02)
The following site provides lots of information on class actions undertaken against Bayer after the company withdraw Baycol: http://baycollitigation.com/index2.html
‘Bayer drops sharply after announcing it will pull drug from market’ by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers. Available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.com/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__43/kcb__43.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
248 ‘Deaths linked to Bayer cholesterol drug double PHARMACEUTICALS NEWS SPARKS FALL IN GERMAN GROUP’S SHARES’, By David Firn, Financial Times; Jan 19, 2002.
249 ‘The sanitation of Dhuennaue’, by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers. Available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__15/kcb__15.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
Research findings (on drugs no longer in development) by the Alzheimer Research Forum, 26/04/00. http://www.alzforum.org/members/research/drugs/metrifonate.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
250 US government sued Bayer Corp. Read the consent decree by US Attorney Robert J. Clearly online at: http://www.ftc.gov/os/2000/01/sterlingdecree.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)
251 ’100 years of Aspirin, white pills with dirty spots’, by the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers. Available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__10/kcb__10.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
252 ‘Settlement with Corporations Ends Long Fight over AIDS, Tainted Blood’, published in The Chicago Tribune, 7 May 1997. Available online at: http://www.aegis.com/news/ct/1997/CT970501.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
‘Technology & Health: Baxter, Bayer Join Japanese Settlement For Hemophiliacs Who Got AIDS Virus’, published in The Wall Street Journal, 15 March 1996. Available online at: http://www.aegis.com/news/wsj/1996/WJ960306.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)
‘Technology & Health: Most Hemophiliacs Reject Settlement From Baxter, Bayer on Infection Suit’, published in
The Wall Street Journal – May 14, 1996. Available online at: http://www.aegis.com/news/wsj/1996/WJ960502.html
(date viewed: 04.02.02)
Also see CBG newsletters 7, 8, 9, 12, 13
253 ‘Protecting the Crown Jewels of Medicine, A strategic plan to preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics’, a report written by Patricia Lieberman and Margo G. Wootan. Copyright © 1998 by the Center for Science in the Public Interest. Available online at: http://www.cspinet.org/reports/abiotic.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02) http://www.cspinet.org/ar/ar_bayer.html (source: Center for Science in the Public Interest, date viewed: 04.02.02)
‘Antibiotic Resistance, from down on the chicken farm’, published in the FDA Consumer magazine, January-February 2001. Available online at: http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2001/101_chic.html (source: Food and Drug Administration, date viewed: 04.02.02) http://www.cspinet.org/ar/index.html (source: Center for Science in the Public Interest, date viewed: 04.02.02)
Also see CBG newsletters 22, 36, 49
254 A profile on Bayer AG, composed by Cure Zone.com, a web site providing information on health issues: http://www.curezone.com/art/read.asp?ID=37&C0=1 (date viewed: 05.02.02)
‘Pesticides residues in food -1982′, by IPCS Inchem, Chemical Safety Information from Intergovernmental Organizations. Text available online at: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v82pr24.htm
(date viewed: 05.02.02)
255 A profile on Bayer AG, composed by Cure Zone.com, a web site containing information on health issues: http://www.curezone.com/art/read.asp?ID=37&C0=1 (date viewed: 05.02.02)
256 ‘Bayer-Pesticides in Toxic Dump in Nepal’, article published on the UK Indymedia web site. Available online at: http://uk.indymedia.org/front.php3?article_id=14812&group=webcast (source: UK Independent media, date viewed: 05.02.02))
‘Organophosphate Madness?’, published in Corporate Watch Magazine, Issue 12, Autumn 2000, available online at: http://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/magazine/issue12/cw12f5.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
‘Bayer-Pesticides in Toxic Dump in Nepal’, published in CBG Newsletter, Issue 47, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__47/kcb__47.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
257 ‘For environmental protection and secure jobs at BAYER – worldwide!’, by the Coaltion Against Bayer Dangers,
published in CBG Newsletter, Issue 13, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__13/kcb__13.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
‘Twenty years protecting the ocean from waste dumping’, prepared for Greenpeace International by
Rémi Parmentier. Available online at: www.greenpeace.org/~comms/97/oceandump/radioactive/reports/history.html
(date viewed: 05.02.02)
258 ‘No time to waste’, source: Greenpeace, available online at: www.greenpeace.org/~comms/vrml/rw/text/t11.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
259 ‘The sanitation of Dhuennaue’, published in CBG Newsletter, Issue 15, available online at: www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__15/kcb__15.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
260 ‘French Authorities Ban Pesticide Gaucho’, published in CBG Newsletter, Issue 15, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__30___/kcb__30___.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
261 ‘Scientists link pesticides to child leukemia’, by Tom Peterkin Health Correspondent, available on the Generation Green web site: http://www.generationgreen.org/UK%20carbamates%20article.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02)
‘Scientists link Bayer’s Baygon to Child Leukaemia’, published in CBG Newsletter, Issue 37, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__37___/kcb__37___.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
Bayer’s own site shows all Baygon products: http://www.baygon.com/en/index-e.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
262 http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/op/fenthion/fenthionsum.htm (source: EPA, date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__26/kcb__26.html (source: Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02)
An overview of Registered Pesticide Products in the Philippines, available online at: http://www.fadinap.org/philippines/registrd%20pesticide.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02)
Information about: Fenthion, by the Pesticide Action Network (PAN), available online at: http://data.pesticideinfo.org/4DAction/GetChemRecord/PC33351 (date viewed: 05.02.02)
263 http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__14/kcb__14.html (source: Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__16/kcb__16.html (source: Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02)
264 www.corpwatch.org/bulletin/2001/0091.html (source: Corporate Watch UK, date viewed: 05.02.02) www.pan-uk.org/press/perupois.htm (source: Pesticide Action Network, date viewed: 05.02.02) www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/actives/methylpa.htm (source: Pesticide Action Network, date viewed: 05.02.02)
www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v080pr28.htm (source: IPCS Inchem, Chemical Safety Information
from Intergovernmental Organizations, date viewed: 05.02.02) www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v84pr63.htm (source: IPCS Inchem, Chemical Safety Information
from Intergovernmental Organizations, date viewed: 05.02.02)
265 ‘What Price Economic Growth? Protests over a project reverberate through Taiwan’, by Sangwon Suh and Laurence Eyton / Taipei, published in Asiaweek Magazine, 8 November 1996, available online at: http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/96/1108/biz5.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
266 http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__10/kcb__10.html (source: Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02)
267 http://www.pan-uk.org/press/perupois.htm (source: Pesticide Action Network UK, date viewed: 05.02.02)
‘Parents of victims sue Bayer’, story on Bayer in Peru, published in ‘Weekly News Update on the Americas’, available online at: http://www.americas.org/news/nir/20011104_parents_of_victims_sue_bayer.asp (date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/actives/methylpa.htm (source: Pesticide Action Network, date viewed: 05.02.02)
Information about the pesticide industry, provided in the documentary Toxic Trail. Toxic Trail was broadcast in two parts on BBC World in April 2001. The following website provides additional information about the issues which are shown in the Toxic Trail documentary: http://www.toxictrail.org (date viewed: 05.02.02)
‘Where Does the Circle Begin? The Global Dangers of Pesticide Plants’, by Angus Wright. Global Pesticide Campaigner, Volume 4, Number 4, December 1994. Available online at: http://www.panna.org/panna/resources/_pestis/PESTIS.burst.685.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
268 ‘KAMUKHAAN: A POISONED VILLAGE’, an article on Bayer’s polluting activities in the Philippines, by Dr. Romeo Quijano, College of Medicine, University of Manila/Philippines. Available on the Safer World web site, at: http://www.safer-world.org/e/countries/Asia/philippines.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02)
269 ‘History of the antibiotic growth promoter ban in Sweden and Denmark, by Deborah Huang, CSPI, Centre for Science in the Public Interest, available online at: http://www.farmanimals.net/ban_background.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02)
‘Community legislation in force’, European Commission Document, available online at: http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/1998/en_398R2788.html (date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www.transnationale.org/anglais/fiches/161.htm (source: transnationale, date viewed: 05.02.02)
‘Ban of antibiotic growth promoters in the EU’, can be viewed online at: http://www.delacon.com/englisch/espezial.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__14/kcb__14.html
(source: Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02)
270 ‘Cold remedies pulled from shelves’, by HealthAtoz.com, a family’s health web site: http://www.healthatoz.com/atoz/healthupdate/alert11082000.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
PPA Update, published on Williams Dailey O’Leary Craine & Love’s (people who represent individuals who have been injured by dangerous drugs like Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) and Baycol) web site: http://www.wdolaw.com/Press/PPAUpdate.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02)
The Final Report of The Hemorrhagic Stroke Project, May 10, 2000, prepared on behalf of the HSP Investigators. Available online at: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/00/backgrd/3647b1_tab19.doc (date viewed: 05.02.02)
Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Information Page, by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Available online at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/ppa/default.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www9.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/11/07/drug.warning.ap/index.html (source: CNN, date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www9.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/11/06/ppa.02/ (source: CNN, date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www9.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/10/19/drug.stroke/index.html (source: CNN, date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www9.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/11/04/fda.drug/index.html (source: CNN, date viewed: 05.02.02)
271 ‘PCB clean-up and manufacturer liability, pre-study on a possible cause of legal action for Oslo Port Authority’ by Advokatfirmaet Føyen & Co ANS (an Oslo firm of lawyers) in cooperation with Friends of the Earth Norway. Available online at: http://www.naturvern.no/gift/hvem/rapport.var (date viewed: 05.02.02)
‘Bioremediation of PBC contaminated material’, by Cadwell Environmental, the company claims to be a leader in the development of biological products for the removal of fats, oils, and grease, solid wastes and hydrocarbons from the environment. Text available online at: http://www.caldwellenvironmental.com/pcb.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__34___/kcb__34___.html
(source: Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02)
272 ‘Clean up Bayer!’ Greenpeace reports about its investigation of Bayer and the company’s polluting activities. Search the Greenpeace web site for ‘Bayer’ [http://www.poptel.org.uk/panap/pm/nfa-pm7.htm#Dump (date viewed: 05.02.02)
274 ‘The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Bayer Corp. In Baytown, TX, for safety and health violations, with penalties, totaling $135,900. OSHA Regional News Release, US Department of Labor, Office of Public Affairs. Read about the lawsuit at: http://www.osha.gov/media/oshnews/dec00/reg6-20001220.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
275 http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__09/kcb__09.html
(source: Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02)
276 The Corporate Crime Reporter, Washington, interview with Philipp Mimkes, Coordination Against Bayer Dangers, Germany. Read the interview online at: http://www.safer-world.org/e/topics/ngo/cbg/cbd.htm
(date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__09/kcb__09.html
(source: Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02)
277 http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__15/kcb__15.html
(source: Coordination Against Bayer Dangers, Germany, date viewed: 05.02.02)
278 ‘BAYER in Brazil and Germany: double standards’, source: Coordination Against Bayer Dangers, Germany, article available online at: http://home.earthlink.net/~alto/bayer2.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
279 Extract from the decree of the district attorney at the Rio de Janeiro labour court, 3 June 1994, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__05/kcb__05.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)
280 http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__05/kcb__05.html
(source: Coordination Against Bayer Dangers, Germany, date viewed: 05.02.02)
281 ‘Trade unionists not welcome’, source: Coordination Against Bayer Dangers, Germany, text available online at: http://home.earthlink.net/~alto/bayer2.html (date viewed: 05.02.02) http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__05/kcb__05.html
(source: Coordination Against Bayer Dangers, Germany, date viewed: 05.02.02)
282 ‘Three dead in an explosion’, published in CDG Magazine, Issue 15, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__15/kcb__15.html
(source: Coordination Against Bayer Dangers, Germany, date viewed: 05.02.02)
283 ‘Damaged pipe in Dormagen/Germany’, published in CDG Magazine, Issue 09, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__09/kcb__09.html
(source: Coordination Against Bayer Dangers, Germany, date viewed: 05.02.02)
참고자료
