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	<title>건강과 대안 &#187; mortality</title>
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	<description>연구공동체</description>
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		<title>[담배] Smoking &amp; Tobacco Use (미국 질병관리본부)</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3843</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Mar 2013 11:59:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[노동 · 환경]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CDC]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[MORBIDITY]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mortality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[smoking]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tobacco Use]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[금연]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[담배]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[미국 질병관리본부]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[사망률]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[흡연]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[흡연율]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Smoking &#038; Tobacco Use http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/Fast Facts Morbidity and Mortality Tobacco use leads to disease and disability. Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, and lung diseases (including emphysema, bronchitis, [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><H2><A href="http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/index.htm" jQuery16208907705141952742="9">Smoking &#038; Tobacco Use</A></H2><br />
<P><BR><A href="http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/">http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/</A><BR><BR>Fast Facts<BR><BR></P><br />
<H3 class=stu_section id=toll>Morbidity and Mortality</H3><br />
<H4 class=stu>Tobacco use leads to disease and disability.</H4><br />
<UL><br />
<LI>Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, and lung diseases (including emphysema, bronchitis, and chronic airway obstruction).<SUP>1</SUP><br />
<LI>For every person who dies from a smoking-related disease, 20 more people suffer with at least one serious illness from smoking.<SUP>2</SUP> </LI></UL><br />
<P><BR>&nbsp;</P><br />
<H4 class=stu>Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death.</H4><br />
<UL><br />
<LI>Worldwide, tobacco use causes more than 5 million deaths per year, and current trends show that tobacco use will cause more than 8 million deaths annually by 2030.<SUP>3</SUP><br />
<LI>In the United States, smoking is responsible for about one in five deaths annually (i.e., about 443,000 deaths per year, and an estimated 49,000 of these smoking-related deaths are the result of secondhand smoke exposure).<SUP>1</SUP><br />
<LI>On average, smokers die 13 to 14 years earlier than nonsmokers.<SUP>4</SUP> </LI></UL><br />
<H3 class=stu_section id=cost>Costs and Expenditures</H3><br />
<H4 class=stu>The cigarette industry spends billions each year on advertising and promotions.<SUP>5</SUP></H4><br />
<UL><br />
<LI>$8.05 billion total spent in 2010<br />
<LI>$22 million spent a day in 2010 </LI></UL><br />
<P><BR>&nbsp;</P><br />
<H4 class=stu>Tobacco use costs the United States billions of dollars each year.</H4><br />
<UL><br />
<LI>Cigarette smoking costs more than $193 billion (i.e., $97 billion in lost productivity plus $96 billion in health care expenditures).<SUP>1</SUP><br />
<LI>Secondhand smoke costs more than $10 billion (i.e., health care expenditures, morbidity, and mortality).<SUP>6</SUP> </LI></UL><br />
<P><BR>&nbsp;</P><br />
<H4 class=stu>State spending on tobacco control does not meet CDC-recommended levels.<SUP>7,8</SUP></H4><br />
<UL><br />
<LI>Collectively, states have billions of dollars available to them—from tobacco excise taxes and tobacco industry legal settlements—for preventing and controlling tobacco use. States currently use a very small percentage of these funds for tobacco control programs.<br />
<LI>In 2013, states will collect $25.7 billion from tobacco taxes and legal settlements, but states are spending less than 2% of the $25.7 billion on tobacco control programs.<br />
<LI>Investing only about 15% (i.e., $3.7 billion) of the $25.7 billion would fund every state tobacco control program at CDC-recommended levels.<BR><BR></LI></UL><!--<br />
	<img id="topic_img" class="center" src="/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/images/pie_chart08.jpg" width="544" alt="Pie chart of funds available to states in 2008 ($24.4 billion), what states spent (less than 3%), what states needed to spend to reach CDC-recommended levels (15%)" height="310" /><br />
&#8211;><br />
<H3 class=stu_section id=use>Tobacco Use in the United States</H3><br />
<H4 class=stu>Percentage of U.S. adults who were current smokers in 2010:<SUP>9</SUP></H4><br />
<UL><br />
<LI>19.0% of all adults (43.8 million people)<br />
<LI>31.5% non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native<br />
<LI>27.4% non-Hispanic multiple race<br />
<LI>20.6% non-Hispanic white<br />
<LI>19.4% non-Hispanic black<br />
<LI>12.9% Hispanic<br />
<LI>9.9% non-Hispanic Asian </LI></UL><br />
<P class=psmall>NOTES:<BR>–Adult is defined as 18 years of age or older.<BR>–Current smokers are defined as persons who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes during their lifetime and who, at the time of interview, reported smoking every day or some days.<BR>–Percentage for Asian American adults does not include Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders.</P><br />
<P><BR>&nbsp;</P><br />
<H4 class=stu>Thousands of young people begin smoking every day.<SUP>10</SUP></H4><br />
<UL><br />
<LI>Each day, more than 3,800 persons younger than 18 years of age smoke their first cigarette.<br />
<LI>Each day, about 1,000 persons younger than 18 years of age begin smoking on a daily basis. </LI></UL><br />
<P><BR>&nbsp;</P><br />
<H4 class=stu>Many adult smokers want to quit smoking.<SUP>11</SUP></H4><br />
<UL><br />
<LI>Approximately 69% of smokers want to quit completely.<br />
<LI>Approximately 52% of smokers attempted to quit in 2010. </LI></UL><br />
<P class=psmall>NOTES:<BR>–See CDC&#8217;s <A href="http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/cessation/quitting/index.htm" jQuery16208907705141952742="146">Smoking Cessation</A> fact sheet for more information.<BR>–&#8221;Attempted to quit&#8221; is defined as smokers who reported that they stopped smoking for more than 1 day in the past 12 months because they were trying to quit smoking. ﻿<br />
<H3 class=stu_section id=ref>References</H3><br />
<OL><br />
<LI class=number>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <SPAN class=ref_title><A href="http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5745a3.htm" jQuery16208907705141952742="147">Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Productivity Losses—United States, 2000–2004</A></SPAN>. <SPAN class=ref_pub>Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</SPAN> 2008;57(45):1226–8 [accessed 2012 Jun 7].<br />
<LI class=number>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <SPAN class=ref_title><A href="http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5235a4.htm" jQuery16208907705141952742="148">Cigarette Smoking-Attributable Morbidity—United States, 2000</A></SPAN>. <SPAN class=ref_pub>Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</SPAN> 2003;52(35):842–4 [accessed 2012 Jun 7].<br />
<LI class=number>World Health Organization. <SPAN class=ref_title><A href="http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/2009/en/index.html" jQuery16208907705141952742="149">WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2009</A></SPAN>. <IMG class=noborder alt="Exit Notification" src="http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/images/exit_disclaimer.png"> <SPAN class=ref_pub>Geneva: World Health Organization</SPAN>, 2008 [accessed 2012 Jun 7].<br />
<LI class=number>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <SPAN class=ref_title><A href="http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5114a2.htm" jQuery16208907705141952742="150">Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Productivity Losses—United States, 1995–1999</A></SPAN>. <SPAN class=ref_pub>Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</SPAN> 2002;51(14):300–3 [accessed 2012 Jun 7].<br />
<LI class=number>Federal Trade Commission. <SPAN class=ref_title><A title="Link to PDF file; link to non-CDC Web site; link opens in new window" href="http://www.ftc.gov/os/2012/09/120921cigarettereport.pdf" target=_blank jQuery16208907705141952742="151">Cigarette Report for 2009 and 2010</A></SPAN>. <IMG class=noborder alt="Exit Notification" src="http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/images/exit_disclaimer.png"> <SPAN class=adobelink></SPAN>(<ACRONYM title="Portable Document Format">PDF</ACRONYM>–151.7 KB) Washington: Federal Trade Commission, 2012 [accessed 2012 December 18].<br />
<LI class=number><SPAN class=ref_author>Behan DF, Eriksen MP, Lin Y</SPAN>. <SPAN class=ref_title><A title="Link to non-CDC Web site; link opens in new window" href="http://www.soa.org/research/research-projects/life-insurance/research-economic-effect.aspx" target=_blank jQuery16208907705141952742="152">Economic Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Report</A></SPAN>. <IMG class=noborder alt="Exit Notification" src="http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/images/exit_disclaimer.png"> Schaumburg, IL: Society of Actuaries; 2005 [accessed 2012 Jun 7].<br />
<LI class=number>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <SPAN class=ref_title><A href="http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/stateandcommunity/best_practices/index.htm" jQuery16208907705141952742="153">Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs—2007</A></SPAN>. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2007. [accessed 2012 Jun 7].<br />
<LI class=number>Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids. <SPAN class=ref_title><A title="Link to PDF file; link to non-CDC Web site; link opens in new window" href="http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/content/what_we_do/state_local_issues/settlement/FY2013/1.%202012%20State%20Report%20-%20Full.pdf" target=_blank jQuery16208907705141952742="154">Broken Promises to Our Children: The 1998 State Tobacco Settlement Fourteen Years Later. </A></SPAN>. <IMG class=noborder alt="Exit Notification" src="http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/images/exit_disclaimer.png"> <SPAN class=adobelink>(<ACRONYM title="Portable Document Format">PDF</ACRONYM>–1.34 MB)</SPAN>. Washington: Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, 2012 [accessed 2012 Dec 18].<br />
<LI class=number>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.<SPAN class=ref_title><A href="http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6144a2.htm?s_cid=%20mm6144a2.htm_w" jQuery16208907705141952742="155"> Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults—United States, 2011</A></SPAN>. <SPAN class=ref_pub>Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</SPAN> 2012;61(44):889–894 [accessed 2012 Dec 18].<br />
<LI class=number>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration. <SPAN class=ref_title><A title="Link to non-CDC site; link opens in new window" href="http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2k10Results/Web/HTML/2k10Results.htm#Ch4" jQuery16208907705141952742="156">Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings</A></SPAN>. <IMG class=noborder alt="Exit Notification" src="http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/images/exit_disclaimer.png"> Rockville (MD): Office of Applied Studies [accessed 2012 Jun 7].<br />
<LI class=number>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <SPAN class=ref_title><A href="http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/mmwrs/byyear/2011/mm6044a2/intro.htm" jQuery16208907705141952742="157">Quitting Smoking Among Adults—United States, 2001–2010</A></SPAN>. <SPAN class=ref_pub>Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</SPAN> [serial online] 2011;60(44):1513–19 [accessed 2012 Jun 7]. </LI></OL><br />
<H3 class=stu_section id=info>For Further Information</H3><br />
<P>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<BR>National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion<BR>Office on Smoking and Health<BR>E-mail: <A href="mailto:tobaccoinfo@cdc.gov" jQuery16208907705141952742="158">tobaccoinfo@cdc.gov</A><BR>Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO</P><br />
<P>Media Inquiries: Contact CDC&#8217;s Office on Smoking and Health press line at 770-488-5493. <BR><BR></P></p>
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		<title>[돼지독감] 2009 신종플루 보고된 것보다 15배 더 사망</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3381</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3381#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 26 Jun 2012 18:10:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2009 influenza H1N1 pandemic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cumulative (12 months) virus-associated symptomatic attack rates]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mortality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[the global number of deaths]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[돼지독감]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[사망자 28만 4천5백명]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[신종플루]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3381</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[2009년 신종플루로 사망한 사람이 28만 4천5백명으로 추정되어 실험실 확진 사망자 수보다15배나 더 많은 것으로 보인다는 연구결과가 지에 실렸습니다.New mortality estimate for 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic&#160;Deaths worldwide from the [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><P>2009년 신종플루로 사망한 사람이 28만 4천5백명으로 추정되어 실험실 확진 사망자 수보다<BR>15배나 더 많은 것으로 보인다는 연구결과가 <랜싯>지에 실렸습니다.<BR><BR>New mortality estimate for 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic<BR><BR>&nbsp;Deaths worldwide from the 2009 influenza H1N1 pandemic were likely to be around 280,000, far higher than the 18,500 deaths reported from laboratory confirmed H1N1 influenza analysis, according to new research published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases. To reach this new global mortality estimate, the study investigators developed a new model that used influenza-specific data from 12 low, middle, and high-income countries. A separate study highlights how a H1N1 vaccination campaign was effectively implemented in Scotland, UK, during the pandemic, with implications for future pandemic preparedness.</P><br />
<P><BR>=========================</P><br />
<P>The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Early Online Publication, 26 June 2012<BR>doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4Cite or Link Using DOI<BR><BR><A href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(12)70121-4/fulltext">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(12)70121-4/fulltext</A> <BR><BR>Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study<BR><BR>Dr Fatimah S Dawood MD a , A Danielle Iuliano PhD a, Carrie Reed DSc a, Martin I Meltzer PhD b, David K Shay MD a, Po-Yung Cheng PhD a, Don Bandaranayake MBBS c, Robert F Breiman MD d, W Abdullah Brooks MD e f, Philippe Buchy MD g, Daniel R Feikin MD d, Karen B Fowler DrPH h, Aubree Gordon PhD i j, Nguyen Tran Hien MD k, Peter Horby MBBS l, Q Sue Huang PhD c, Mark A Katz MD d, Anand Krishnan MBBS m, Renu Lal PhD a, Joel M Montgomery PhD a n, Kåre Mølbak MD o, Richard Pebody MBBS p, Anne M Presanis PhD p, Hugo Razuri MD n, Anneke Steens MSc q, Yeny O Tinoco DVM n, Jacco Wallinga PhD q, Hongjie Yu MD r, Sirenda Vong MD s, Joseph Bresee MD a, Dr Marc-Alain Widdowson VetMB a <BR><BR>Summary<BR><BR>Background<BR><BR>18 500 laboratory-confirmed deaths caused by the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 were reported worldwide for the period April, 2009, to August, 2010. This number is likely to be only a fraction of the true number of the deaths associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1. We aimed to estimate the global number of deaths during the first 12 months of virus circulation in each country.<BR><BR>Methods<BR><BR>We calculated crude respiratory mortality rates associated with the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 strain by age (0—17 years, 18—64 years, and >64 years) using the cumulative (12 months) virus-associated symptomatic attack rates from 12 countries and symptomatic case fatality ratios (sCFR) from five high-income countries. To adjust crude mortality rates for differences between countries in risk of death from influenza, we developed a respiratory mortality multiplier equal to the ratio of the median lower respiratory tract infection mortality rate in each WHO region mortality stratum to the median in countries with very low mortality. We calculated cardiovascular disease mortality rates associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 infection with the ratio of excess deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases during the pandemic in five countries and multiplied these values by the crude respiratory disease mortality rate associated with the virus. Respiratory and cardiovascular mortality rates associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 were multiplied by age to calculate the number of associated deaths.<BR><BR>Findings<BR><BR>We estimate that globally there were 201 200 respiratory deaths (range 105 700—395 600) with an additional 83 300 cardiovascular deaths (46 000—179 900) associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1. 80% of the respiratory and cardiovascular deaths were in people younger than 65 years and 59% occurred in southeast Asia and Africa.<BR><BR>Interpretation<BR><BR>Our estimate of respiratory and cardiovascular mortality associated with the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 was 15 times higher than reported laboratory-confirmed deaths. Although no estimates of sCFRs were available from Africa and southeast Asia, a disproportionate number of estimated pandemic deaths might have occurred in these regions. Therefore, efforts to prevent influenza need to effectively target these regions in future pandemics.<BR><BR>Funding<BR><BR>None.</P><br />
<P>=============<BR><BR>2009 swine flu outbreak was 15 times deadlier: study<BR>By Sharon Begley | Reuters – 6 hrs ago</P><br />
<P><A href="http://news.yahoo.com/2009-swine-flu-outbreak-15-times-deadlier-study-231455317.html;_ylt=A2KJjb32SulP2jIAXL7QtDMD">http://news.yahoo.com/2009-swine-flu-outbreak-15-times-deadlier-study-231455317.html;_ylt=A2KJjb32SulP2jIAXL7QtDMD</A></P><br />
<P>NEW YORK (Reuters) &#8211; The swine flu pandemic of 2009 killed an estimated 284,500 people, some 15 times the number confirmed by laboratory tests at the time, according to a new study by an international group of scientists.</P><br />
<P>The study, published on Tuesday in the London-based journal Lancet Infectious Diseases, said the toll might have been even higher &#8211; as many as 579,000 people.</P><br />
<P>The original count, compiled by the World Health Organization, put the number at 18,500.</P><br />
<P>Those were only the deaths confirmed by lab testing, which the WHO itself warned was a gross underestimate because the deaths of people without access to the health system go uncounted, and because the virus is not always detectable after a victim dies.</P><br />
<P>The new study also shows the pandemic&#8217;s impact varied widely by region, with 51 percent of swine flu deaths occurring in Africa and southeast Asia, which account for only 38 percent of the world&#8217;s population.</P><br />
<P>&#8220;This pandemic really did take an enormous toll,&#8221; said Dr. Fatimah Dawood of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, who led the study. &#8220;Our results also suggest how best to deploy resources. If a vaccine were to become available, we need to make sure it reached the areas where the death toll is likely to be highest.&#8221;</P><br />
<P>Swine flu, caused by the H1N1 influenza virus, infected its first known victim in central Mexico in March 2009. By April it had reached California, infecting a 10-year-old, and then quickly spread around the world, triggering fears and even panic.</P><br />
<P>The CDC warned Americans not to travel to Mexico if they could avoid it. Egypt ordered the slaughter of all the country&#8217;s pigs in a misguided attempt to contain the virus, which was in fact spread from person to person.</P><br />
<P>The fears reflected the unusual nature of the virus, which contained bits and pieces of bird, swine and human flu viruses, a combination never before detected.</P><br />
<P>Scientists were unsure how transmissible or deadly this mongrel flu would be, but early signs were ominous: the World Health Organization declared swine flu a pandemic in June 2009, when labs had identified cases in 74 countries.</P><br />
<P>Such lab-based identification is the gold standard, but every expert acknowledges that it misses more cases than it catches.</P><br />
<P>One reason is that &#8220;some people who contract flu do not have access to health care,&#8221; said CDC&#8217;s Dawood, so their illness and even death goes unnoticed by authorities. Another reason is that the virus is not always detectable by the time a victim dies.</P><br />
<P>LACK OF DATA LOWBALLS FATALITIES</P><br />
<P>To get around these obstacles, epidemiologists resort to statistical models. They typically take the number of deaths from pneumonia and complications of underlying cardiovascular disease &#8211; both caused by influenza &#8211; during non-flu periods, count the number during a pandemic, and attribute the excess to the flu.</P><br />
<P>Unfortunately, &#8220;vital statistics data are non-existent or sparse in many lower-resource countries,&#8221; said Dawood, making this approach infeasible.</P><br />
<P>Dawood and her colleagues &#8211; from Vietnam, Kenya, New Zealand, Denmark and five other countries &#8211; tried a different method.</P><br />
<P>They started with hard data, such as numbers from health workers going door to door in rural villages and asking about flu-like symptoms and testing nasal and throat swab samples, to estimate the proportion of a country&#8217;s population infected with 2009 H1N1. Such data were available from 13 countries &#8211; wealthy, such as Denmark, and poor, like Vietnam.</P><br />
<P>Then the scientists estimated the fraction of patients who died in each country. They started with solid data on death rates from respiratory illnesses in five wealthy nations.</P><br />
<P>Since someone with, say, pneumonia has a lower chance of dying if treated in a top hospital in Hong Kong than at a rural clinic in Vietnam, the scientists applied a &#8220;multiplier&#8221; to the raw data from poor countries.</P><br />
<P>That is, they assumed that more people with flu-caused pneumonia died in developing nations than developed ones.</P><br />
<P>These estimates and assumptions can introduce errors, critics note. Newly released mortality data from Mexico, for instance, show that H1N1 killed even more people than the new study estimates, said Lone Simonsen of George Washington University School of Public Health, co-author of a commentary on the study. Estimates of deaths from Japan and Singapore, in contrast, may be too high.</P><br />
<P>Overall, however, the under- and over-estimates probably even out, said Simonsen, making the global estimate &#8211; of 15 times more deaths than those confirmed at the time &#8211; about right.</P><br />
<P>The results paint a picture of a flu virus that did not treat all victims equally.</P><br />
<P>It killed two to three times as many of its victims in Africa as elsewhere. Overall, the virus infected children most (4 percent to 33 percent), adults moderately (0 to 22 percent of those 18 to 64) and the elderly hardly at all (0 to 4 percent).</P><br />
<P>Even though the elderly were more likely to die once infected, so few caught the virus that 80 percent of swine flu deaths were of people younger than 65.</P><br />
<P>In contrast, the elderly account for roughly 80 percent to 90 percent of deaths from seasonal influenza outbreaks. They were probably spared the worst of 2009 H1N1 because the virus resembled one that had circulated before 1957, meaning people alive then had developed some antibodies to it.</P><br />
<P>The relative youth of the victims meant that H1N1 stole more than three times as many years of life than typical seasonal flu: 9.7 million years of life lost compared to 2.8 million if it had targeted the elderly as seasonal flu does.</P><br />
<P>H1N1 had begun petering out by November 2009, and the WHO declared the epidemic at an end the following August.</P><br />
<P>(Reporting by Sharon Begley; Editing by Michele Gershberg and Xavier Briand)<BR></P></p>
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		<title>[유니세프 보고서] 2008 어린이 및 산모 영양 발달 경과</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1298</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1298#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2009 14:31:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[젠더 · 인권]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Equity in coverage levels]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Health policies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[health systems]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mortality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nutritional status]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[산모 영양상태]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[어린이 영양상태]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1298</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[TRACKING PROGRESS IN MATERNAL,NEWBORN &#038; CHILD SURVIVALThe 2008 Report출처 : http://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/documents/9789280642841/en/index.htmlContentsChapter 1: Tracking intervention coverage for maternal, newborn and child survivalCountdown principlesLinks to other monitoring effortsOverview of this [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>TRACKING PROGRESS IN MATERNAL,NEWBORN &#038; CHILD SURVIVAL<BR><BR>The 2008 Report<BR><BR>출처 : <A href="http://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/documents/9789280642841/en/index.html">http://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/documents/9789280642841/en/index.html</A><BR><BR>Contents<BR><BR>Chapter 1: Tracking intervention coverage for maternal, newborn and child survival<BR><BR>Countdown principles<BR>Links to other monitoring efforts<BR>Overview of this report<BR>Notes<BR><BR>Chapter 2: Tracking indicators and methods<BR><BR>Selecting the Countdown priority countries<BR>Priority interventions and coverage indicators<BR>Indicators for factors that contribute to coverage<BR>Tracking improvements in equity<BR>Data sources and methods<BR>Coverage<BR>Policies, health systems and financial flows<BR>Equity<BR>Notes<BR><BR>Chapter 3: The 2008 Countdown findings &#8211; and a call to action<BR><BR>The bottom line: mortality<BR>Nutritional status<BR>Coverage in 2008<BR>Recent coverage trends<BR>Coverage levels and trends for selected programmatic areas<BR>Equity in coverage levels<BR>Health policies and health systems<BR>Human resources and financing<BR>Financial flows to maternal, newborn and child health<BR>Conclusions and recommendations<BR>The Countdown call to action<BR>Notes<BR><BR>Chapter 4: The country profiles<BR><BR>References<BR><BR>Annexes<BR><BR>Annex A: Initiatives, resources and databases for monitoring progress<BR>towards the health-related Millennium Development Goals,<BR>with a special focus on maternal,newborn and child survival<BR>Annex B: Indicators and data sources<BR>Annex C: Defining current Countdown indicators<BR>Annex D: Definitions of policy and health systems indicators<BR>Annex E: Countdown to 2015 measuring equity in maternal, newborn<BR>and child health through the coverage gap index: technical<BR>notesz<BR>Annex F: Countdown priority countries considered to be malaria<BR>endemic<BR><BR>This is a working document. It has been prepared to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and to stimulate discussion. Participating agencies and institutions accept no responsibility for errors. The designations in this publication do not imply an opinion on legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or the delimitation of frontiers. The views expressed in this document are solely the responsibility of the contributors. The document may be freely<BR>reviewed, abstracted, or translated in part or whole, but not for sale nor use in conjunction with commercial purposes. All reasonable precautions have been taken by UNICEF and the Countdown Partners to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or<BR>implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall UNICEF be liable for damages arising from its use.<BR></p>
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		<title>[돼지독감] 레인골드 교수(UC 버클리) 강의노트</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1033</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1033#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2009 11:52:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[influenza pandemic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[MORBIDITY]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mortality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[돼지독감]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[레인골드(Reingold) 교수]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[신종플루]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1033</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[OPTIONS FOR REDUCING MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN AN INFLUENZA PANDEMICArthur L. Reingold, MDProfessor and Head, Division of Epidemiology Associate Dean for Research School of Public Health,University of California, [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>OPTIONS FOR REDUCING MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN AN INFLUENZA PANDEMIC<BR><BR>Arthur L. Reingold, MD<BR><BR>Professor and Head, Division of Epidemiology Associate Dean for Research School of Public Health,<BR>University of California, Berkeley<BR><BR>출처 : <A href="http://epi.berkeley.edu/Links.html">http://epi.berkeley.edu/Links.html</A><BR><A href="http://epi.berkeley.edu/Swine%20Flu%20Lecture%20Notes.pdf">http://epi.berkeley.edu/Swine%20Flu%20Lecture%20Notes.pdf</A></p>
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