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	<title>건강과 대안 &#187; All-Cause Mortality</title>
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		<title>[식품] 55세 이하, 1일 커피 4잔 이상 마시면 사망위험 56% 증가</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=5870</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Aug 2013 02:26:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[All-Cause Mortality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cardiovascular Disease Mortality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Coffee Consumption]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[confounding]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[early death]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Heavy coffee drinking]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[담배]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[세대 효과(cohort effect)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[조기사망]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[치명률]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[커피]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=5870</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[사우스캐롤라이나 대학교 연구팀이 메이요 클리닉 회보에 발표한 논문(첨부파일)입니다. Association of Coffee Consumption With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Junxiu Liu, MD; Xuemei Sui, MD, PhD; Carl J. Lavie, [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>사우스캐롤라이나 대학교 연구팀이 메이요 클리닉 회보에 발표한 논문(첨부파일)입니다.</p>
<p>Association of Coffee Consumption With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality</p>
<p>Junxiu Liu, MD; Xuemei Sui, MD, PhD; Carl J. Lavie, MD; James R. Hebert, ScD;<br />
Conrad P. Earnest, PhD; Jiajia Zhang, PhD; and Steven N. Blair, PED</p>
<p>Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;nn(n):1-9</p>
<p>연구 논문은 1979~1998년 사이 20~87세, 4만여 명의 미국인 개인 병력 기록을 분석한 것인데&#8230; 이 기간 동안 사망한 2만5천여명을 추적 조사한 결과 커피를 많이 마시는 사람은 흡연하는<br />
경우가 많았고&#8230; 당연히 폐와 간 상태도 좋지 않았습니다.(이 논문에서는 사망위험의 증가와<br />
흡연과의 연관관계에 대해서 명확하게 분석하지는 않았습니다.)</p>
<p>55세 이하에서 매일 4잔 이상(1주일에 28잔) 이상 커피를 마시는 사람은 사망 위험이 56% 증가하는 것으로 나타났습니다.</p>
<p>남성의 경우 55세 이하에서 커피를 마시는 사람은 그렇지 사망 위험이 21% 증가하는 것으로 나타났습니다.</p>
<p>여성의 경우는 55세 이하에서 커피를 마시는 사람은 그렇지 사망 위험이 2배로 늘어나는 것으로 나타났습니다.</p>
<p>논문에 따르면, 과체중 또는 비만인 경우 커피를 마시는 사람이 많았지만, 이것이 사망위험의 증가에 큰 영향을 끼친 것으로 보이지는 않은 것으로 판단한 것 같습니다.</p>
<p>이 논문은 역학 조사를 한 결과이기 때문에 커피의 어떤 성분 때문에 55세 이하 연령층에서<br />
사망 위험이 높게 나타나고&#8230; 그 이상의 노령층에서는 역학적 연관관계가 없었는지에 대해서<br />
명확하게 규명하지 못했으며&#8230; 커피 속에 들어 있는 어떤 성분 때문에 사망 위험이 높아졌는<br />
지에 대해서도 명확하게 규명하지 못했습니다.</p>
<p>논문의 공동저자 중 한 명인 쉬메이 수이는 언론 인터뷰에서 &#8220;커피에는 카페인이 들어 있는데, 카페인은 부신 피질 호르몬 분비를 촉진하고 인슐린 활동을 방해하며 혈압을 상승시킨다&#8221;고 주장하며, &#8220;많은 양의 커피를 마시는 사람들은 밤 늦게 잠이 들고 식사를 빈약하게 하는 생활습관이 있는 편&#8221;이라고 했습니다.</p>
<p>논문의 저자들은 이 논문의 한계에 대해서도 밝혀놓았습니다. 첫째, 연구 기간 동안 커피의 소비량에 대해 반복적으로 측정하지 않은 점, 둘째, 커피를 내리는 방법에 따라 커피의 구성성분이 달라지고 이에 따라 사망률의 차이가 발생할 수 있으나 이 논문에서는 그러한 데이터를 제시하지 못한 점, 셋째, 본 연구에서는 결혼 여부와 전체 에너지 소비를 포함시키지 않은 점, 넷째, 종속변수에 영향을 줄 수 있는 독립변수 이외의 변수인 confounding이 존재할 가능성이 있는 점.(저자들은 자신들이 비록 보정을 했지만, 담배 같은 변수가 사망위험에 영향을 끼칠 confounding이 될 수 있다는 점을 고려했지만, 저자들은 현재 흡연자와 비흡연자 간의 커피 소비와 모든 원인의 치명률 사이의 어떠한 중요한 연관관계도 찾아내지 못했다고 밝힘)</p>
<p>(참고 : 옮긴이 주 &#8211; 통계적으로 커피를 많이 마시는 사람은 췌장암에 많이 걸리는 것으로 나오지만&#8230; 사실은 커피를 많이 마시는 사람은 담배도 함께 피우기 때문에 췌장암에 걸리는 것입니다. 따라서 커피와 췌장암의 연관성은 흡연에 의한 confounding때문에 나타난 것입니다.)</p>
<p>마지막으로 저자들은 자신의 논문의 한계로 세대효과(cohort effect)가 존재할 수 있다고 밝혔습니다.</p>
<p>(참고 : 옮긴이 주 &#8211; 세대 효과(cohort effect)의 예로 한국과 미국의 유방암 발생의 차이를 설명하기도 합니다. 미국은 폐경 후 유방암에 걸리는 여성들이 훨씬 많은데, 한국은 오히려 폐경 전 유방암에 걸리는 여성들이 훨씬 많습니다. 경제적-사회적-문화적인 변화에 의해 한국 여성들의 라이프 스타일의 변화가 유방암 발생의 차이를 불러왔다는 것입니다. 한국 여성들의 결혼이 늦어지면서 유방암 예방 효과가 있는 출산과 수유를 기피하는 현상이 생겼으며, 유방암을 일으킬 수 있는 술이나 담배에 노출된 여성들이 증가한 것이 한국 여성들의 폐경전 유방암 환자 비율을 증가시킨 세대 효과(cohort effect)라고 분석하고 있습니다. 물론 이러한 분석이 과학적으로 정당한 것인가는 증명이 된 것은 아닙니다.)</p>
<p><a title="Permanent Link:Study: Heavy coffee drinking in people under 55 linked to early death" href="http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2013/08/15/study-heavy-coffee-drinking-in-people-under-55-linked-to-early-death/" rel="bookmark"><span style="color: #004276; font-size: x-large;">Study: Heavy coffee drinking in people under 55 linked to early death</span></a></p>
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<div>August 15th, 2013</div>
<div>08:00 PM ET</div>
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<div><a href="http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2013/08/15/study-heavy-coffee-drinking-in-people-under-55-linked-to-early-death/">http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2013/08/15/study-heavy-coffee-drinking-in-people-under-55-linked-to-early-death/</a></div>
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<p>When you make coffee with breakfast, or grab a to-go cup at a cafe before work, or raid your office&#8217;s break room for a cup in the afternoon, you&#8217;re probably not thinking about how scientists are studying it.</p>
<p>So we&#8217;ll just tell you: <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/18/health/coffee-health-benefits" target="_blank"><strong><span style="color: #004276;">Many studies have looked at the health effects of coffee</span></strong></a>, even though measuring the potential harms and benefits is not as easy as chugging a shot of espresso. Since a whole range of lifestyle and genetic factors influence a person&#8217;s physical well-being, it&#8217;s hard to know exactly if, or how, or to what extent, coffee would be good or bad for anyone&#8217;s longterm health.</p>
<p>The latest study, published in <a href="http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/webfiles/images/journals/jmcp/jmcp_ft88_9_1.pdf"><strong><span style="color: #5c7996;">Mayo Clinic&#8217;s Proceedings [PDF]</span></strong></a>, found an association between drinking more than 28 cups of coffee a week and an increased risk of death from all causes, in people 55 years old and younger. One cup of coffee is 8 ounces.</p>
<p>That doesn&#8217;t prove that coffee causes death. It also seems to contradict a study in the <a href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1112010?query=featured_home&amp;" target="_blank"><strong><span style="color: #004276;">New England Journal of Medicine</span></strong></a> last year, <a href="http://eatocracy.cnn.com/2012/05/17/coffee-makes-you-live-longer/" target="_blank"><strong><span style="color: #004276;">which found</span></strong></a> that people who drink two or more cups of coffee a day have a reduced risk of dying from particular diseases than those who consume little or no coffee.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>And a <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/05/17/coffee.prostate.cancer/index.html"><strong><span style="color: #004276;">May 2011 study found</span></strong></a> that men who drink six or more cups a day had a decreased risk of fatal prostate cancer.</p>
<p>How are we supposed to decide how much coffee to drink, when the information about its health effects is more confusing than a cafe menu written in a foreign language?</p>
<p>Experts say that the optimal dose of coffee varies widely, depending on the person. Different people have different tolerances for coffee.</p>
<p>But in general, the authors of this new study emphasized a message of moderation.</p>
<p><strong>The new study </strong></p>
<p>Researchers followed more than 40,000 people ages 20-87 for about 16 years.</p>
<p>They observed risks for heavy coffee drinkers in both men and women under 55 who drank more than four cups of coffee a day on average. In men who fit this description, the risk of death was 56% higher compared to non-coffee drinkers. In women, the risk was even greater &#8211; it doubled, compared to non-coffee drinkers.</p>
<p>The same association was not observed in individuals 55 and older, or in people who drank coffee in moderation.</p>
<p>&#8220;It appears that low doses of coffee are safe,&#8221; said Carl J. Lavie, study co-author from the John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute in New Orleans. &#8221;We did not see anything bad happening up to about 28 cups per week.&#8221;</p>
<p>He added, &#8220;no increase in cardiovascular mortality at any dose in men or women at any age&#8221; was seen.</p>
<p><strong>Caveats</strong></p>
<p>But wait! Although study authors found a connection between heavy coffee consumption and death, they did not prove that frequent java indulgence causes death. There may be other underlying factors that explain this association.</p>
<p>&#8220;What if people are super hyper, driven, stressed out, drinking 10 cups of coffee a day?&#8221; Lavie said. &#8220;And it&#8217;s not the coffee that&#8217;s killing them, it&#8217;s the fact that they&#8217;re stressed out that&#8217;s killing them.&#8221;</p>
<p>Lavie still suggests that heavy coffee drinkers scale back on their consumption, however.</p>
<p>&#8220;I think that if I find that having four or more cups of coffee per day looks like it&#8217;s associated with higher mortality, even though I don&#8217;t know that it&#8217;s for sure due to the coffee, to me that&#8217;s enough reason to me to try and keep my coffee to below four a day.&#8221;</p>
<p>The authors did not separate decaf coffee from regular, but &#8221;most people report they drink regular,&#8221; added Dr. Xuemei Sui, study co-author from the Arnold School of Public Health at the University of South Carolina.</p>
<p>They also did not explore what people were adding to their coffees, so they didn&#8217;t separate out whether the addition of sweeteners or milk had any effect on death risk.</p>
<p><strong>But what about coffee benefits</strong></p>
<p>There is, on the other hand, evidence from studies on type II diabetes suggesting that coffee can be good.</p>
<p>According to a <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2761298/" target="_blank"><strong><span style="color: #004276;">2009 meta-analysis</span></strong></a>, the risk of type II diabetes goes down with each cup of coffee consumed daily. Additionally, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17484871" target="_blank"><strong><span style="color: #004276;">a 2007 meta-analysis</span></strong></a> found a correlation between increased coffee consumption and lower risk of liver cancer.</p>
<p>Such research is still not persuasive enough to tell anyone who doesn&#8217;t already drink coffee to start.</p>
<p><strong>How much coffee do you drink? </strong></p>
<p>&#8220;A 20 ounce cup, we would count that as two and a half cups,&#8221; Lavie added.</p>
<p>For perspective, here are some measurements of that cup o&#8217; Joe you like to enjoy:</p>
<p>A short Starbucks coffee is 8 ounces. A tall is 12 ounces. A grande is 16 ounces, or two cups of coffee. Make it a venti and you&#8217;ve consumed 20 ounces.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, at Dunkin&#8217; Donuts, a small cup of coffee is 10 ounces. A medium contains 14. Order a large and you&#8217;ll get ounces 20 ounces and XL, 24 ounces, or three cups of coffee.</p>
<p>Experts told CNN in 2012 that they would not make a public health recommendation concerning coffee because there just isn&#8217;t enough solid evidence to do so.</p>
<p>&#8220;If you consume coffee, enjoy it,&#8221; Dr. Donald Hensrud of the Mayo Clinic said. &#8220;But I wouldn&#8217;t necessarily recommend taking it up if you don&#8217;t like it.&#8221;</p>
<p>A lot of people already consider it a regular part of their lives. For nearly two-thirds of Americans, the daily coffee routine is just habit.</p>
<p>Get out of bed. Make coffee. Start your work day.</p>
<p>Have more coffee. Repeat.  Hope it won&#8217;t kill you.</p>
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<td valign="top"><strong><span style="color: #999999; font-size: small;">Post by:</span></strong> <a href="http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/tag/elizabeth-landau-cnncom-health-writerproducer/" rel="tag"><strong><span style="color: #004276; font-size: small;">Elizabeth Landau &#8211; CNN.com Health Writer/Producer</span></strong></a>, <a href="http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/tag/georgiann-caruso-cnn-medical-producer/" rel="tag"><strong><span style="color: #004276; font-size: small;">Georgiann Caruso &#8212; CNN Medical Producer</span></strong></a><br />
<span style="color: #999999; font-size: small;"><strong>Filed under: </strong></span><a title="View all posts in Death and Dying" href="http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/category/death-and-dying/" rel="category tag"><span style="color: #004276; font-size: small;"><strong>Death and Dying</strong></span></a><span style="color: #999999; font-size: small;"><strong> • </strong></span><a title="View all posts in Diet and Fitness" href="http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/category/000-sections/diet-and-fitness/" rel="category tag"><strong><span style="color: #004276; font-size: small;">Diet and Fitness</span></strong></a></td>
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