WHO보고서 원문출처 http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/en/

한국보건산업진흥원 보고서 소개 http://www.khiss.go.kr/board/bbs_read.jsp?tname=MINBOARD358&bbsid=B306&cat_bbsid=&bbs_seq=111&jkey=&jword=&pg=1&htxt_code=135209061557816711589641157822618&wj_vcs=&reverseNum=109&forwardNum=1

신 규 보 고 서
WHO의 글로벌 음주 현황 보고서
세계보건기구(WHO)는‘2014 글로벌 알코올 및 건강 상태 보고서(Global status report on alcohol and health 2014)’를 ’14년 5월 발표

- 보고서는 음주와 관련된 질병으로 지난 ’12년 전세계에서 330만명이 사망한 것으로 추정한 뒤, 음주 폐혜를 막기 위한 제도 구축과 환경 조성 등 각국 정부의 적극적 대책 마련을 촉구
’12년 현재 1인당 음주량이 가장 높은 지역은 유럽이나, ’08년부터 ’12년까지 5년 동안의 전체 음주량을 살펴보면 유럽‧ 아프리카‧ 미국이 안정적 수준을 유지해 온 반면 동남아와 서태평양 지역은 증가하는 추세
- ’12년 전세계 15세 이상의 사람들은 평균 6.2 리터 정도의 주류를 소비한 가운데, 이 중 38.3%는 17 리터 가량을 마신 것으로 추정
- 특히 저소득층은 가족들의 보살핌이나 스스로의 건강관리를 기대하기 어려운 상황으로, 폭음으로 인해 건강이 심각한 위협에 노출
- 음주로 인한 사망률은 남성(7.6%)이 여성(4%)을 상회하고, 음주 사망의 최대 사인은 심장 질환과 당뇨병으로 전체의 약 1/3을 차지하고 있으며, 두 번째로 많은 사망 원인은 교통사고(17.1%)로 파악
* 반면 AIDS로 인한 사망률은 2.8%, 결핵 1.7%, 폭력 0.9%로 음주에 비해 월등히 낮은 편

WHO 각 회원국 정부는 음주량과 음주 패턴에 따라 국민들의 행동상‧ 건강상 위험이 고조된다는 사실을 명심, 음주 폐해 예방 관리를 위한 제도 수립과 환경 조성에 적극적으로 나서야 할 것으로 판단
- 이를 위한 방안으로는 △주류 관련 세금 인상 △음주 가능 연령 상향 조정 △주류 관련 광고 규제 등 검토가 요망
- 한편 이번 WHO 보고서는 각국 정부가 음주에 따른 부정적 결과로부터 국민들을 보호해야 할 의무가 있음을 다시 한 번 각인시키며, 더 이상 음주 문제와 관련해 현실에 안주해서는 안 된다는 엄중한 경고를 제기

Influenza update
20 December 2013 – Update number 201

출처 : WHO
http://www.who.int/influenza/surveillance_monitoring/updates/latest_update_GIP_surveillance/en/index.html

Summary

In North America the influenza season has started. The predominant subtype of influenza viruses detected was influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. For the rest of the northern hemisphere as well as in the southern hemisphere influenza activity remained low. In countries of tropical areas variable influenza activity was reported. Based on FluNet reporting (as of 19 December 2013, 07:15 UTC), during weeks 48 to 49 (24 November 2013 to 7 December 2013), National Influenza Centres (NICs) and other national influenza laboratories from 89 countries, areas or territories reported influenza
surveillance data. The WHO GISRS laboratories tested more than 42 360 specimens. 3304 were positive for influenza viruses, of which 2816 (85.3%) were typed as seasonal influenza A and 487 (14.7%) as influenza B. Of the sub-typed seasonal influenza A viruses, 1166 (66.4%) were influenza A(H1N1)pdm09and 591 (33.6%) were influenza A(H3N2). Of the characterized B viruses, 39 (70.9%) belonged to the B-Yamagata lineage and 16 (29.1%) to the B-Victoria lineage.
Full influenza update
=============

언론에선 간헐적으로 북미지역(미, 캐나다)에서 influenza A(H1N1) 사망자가 늘어나고 있다고 보도하고 있는데… 미 질병관리본부의 flu 사이트  (http://www.cdc.gov/flu/)는 아직 이렇다할 큰 변화가 없습니다.

Seasonal Influenza (Flu)
Situation Update: Summary of Weekly FluView
미 CDC, January 3, 2014
http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/summary.htm

================

아직 국내에서도 별다른 변화가 없는데… 지속적으로 추이를 지켜봐야 할 것 같습니다.

2014.1.5 박상표

The United Nations Millennium Development Goals are eight goals that all 191 UN Member States have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015. The United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000 commits world leaders to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women. The MDGs are derived from this Declaration, and all have specific targets and indicators.

• More about the MDGs

World Health Statistics 2013 (2013 세계보건통계)

http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2013/en/index.html

한국인 기대수명 81세로 17위…세계평균 70세< WHO>

연합뉴스 2013/05/16 10:28

http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/international/2013/05/16/0606000000AKR20130516068300009.HTML?

남자 77세·여자 84세…北 69세로 1990년보다 단축

(서울=연합뉴스) 김효정 기자 = 한국인의 평균 기대수명이 81세로 세계보건기구(WHO) 194개 회원국 가운데 17위를 차지했다.

15일(현지시간) 세계보건기구(WHO)가 발표한 ’2013 세계보건통계’에 따르면 2011년 출생아를 기준으로 한 한국인의 기대수명은 평균 81세(남자 77세, 여자 84세)로 추산됐다.

지난 1990년의 72세와 비교하면 9살 늘어났고, 2009년 출생아를 기준으로 한 지난해 조사(평균 80세)에 비해서도 1살 늘어난 수치다.

올해 조사에서 한국인의 평균 기대수명은 오스트리아, 키프로스, 핀란드, 독일, 그리스, 아일랜드, 네덜란드, 뉴질랜드, 노르웨이 등과 같았다. 한국이 속한 고소득 국가군의 평균 기대수명인 80세보다 길었다.

194개 회원국 전체의 평균 기대수명은 70세(남자 68세, 여자 72세)로 나타났다.

일본과 스위스, 산마리노가 평균 기대수명 83세로 나란히 ‘최고 장수국가’에 올랐다.

한편, 북한의 평균 기대수명은 69세(남자 65세, 여자 72세)로 세계 평균에 못 미쳤다. 1990년의 70세보다 1년 단축된 수치다.

지난 1990년 이래 기대수명이 단축된 국가는 전 세계에서 북한을 비롯해 남아프리카공화국, 레소토, 짐바브웨, 리비아가 전부였다.

다만, 북한이 속한 저소득 국가군(60세)보다는 평균 기대수명이 긴 것으로 나타났다.

북한의 1세 미만 영아 사망률은 1990년 출생 1천 명당 23명에서 2011년 기준 26명으로 높아졌다.

5세 미만 유아 사망률은 1천 명당 33명으로, 1990년 45명보다 감소했다.

WHO는 1990년 회원국 인구의 평균 기대수명이 64세를 기록했던 것에 비하면 오늘날은 70세로 큰 진전이 있었다고 평가했다.

특히 지난 10년간 아동 사망률이 급격히 떨어지고 인구 대국인 중국과 인도의 보건 상태가 개선된 것이 기대수명 증가에 일조했다고 분석했다. 중국과 인도의 평균 기대수명은 지난 1990년에 비해 각각 7년 늘어났다.

보건 상태를 나타내는 지표가 최하위 25%에 속하는 국가들이 괄목할 만한 진전을 거두면서 선진국과의 격차도 대폭 해소됐다고 WHO는 분석했다.

최상위권 국가와 최하위권 국가의 아동 사망률(1천 명당)은 지난 1990년에는 171명의 차이가 났지만, 2011년에는 이 격차가 107명으로 줄었다.

kimhyoj@yna.co.kr

프랑스 신종바이러스 의심환자 3명 발생…당국 비상

Human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus in China – update

http://www.who.int/csr/don/2013_04_05/en/index.html

5 April 2013 - As of 5 April 2013 (14:00 CET), the Chinese health authorities notified WHO of an additional five laboratory-confirmed cases, including one death due to human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus.

Of the latest laboratory-confirmed cases, three are from Shanghai and two from Jiangsu.

Among the Shanghai cases, a 52-year-old woman with illness onset on 27 March 2013 has died, a 67-year-old man with illness onset on 22 March 2013 is in critical condition and a four-year-old boy with illness onset on 31 March 2013 has mild illness.

The two patients from Jiangsu are both in critical condition. They include a 61-year-old woman with illness onset on 20 March 2013 and a 79-year-old man with illness onset on 21 March 2013.

To date, a total of 16 patients have been laboratory confirmed with influenza A(H7N9) virus in China; of these, six people have died.

More than 520 close contacts of the confirmed cases are being closely monitored. In Jiangsu, investigation is ongoing into a contact of an earlier confirmed case who developed symptoms of illness.

The Chinese government is actively investigating this event and has heightened disease surveillance. Retrospective testing of recently reported cases with severe respiratory infection may uncover additional cases that were previously unrecognized. An inter-government task force has been formally established, with the National Health and Family Planning Commission leading the coordination along with the Ministry of Agriculture and other key ministries. The animal health sector has intensified investigations into the possible sources and reservoirs of the virus.

WHO is in contact with national authorities and is following the event closely. The WHO-coordinated international response is also focusing on work with WHO Collaborating Centres for Reference and Research on Influenza and other partners to ensure that information is available and that materials are developed for diagnosis and treatment and vaccine development. No vaccine is currently available for this subtype of the influenza virus. Preliminary test results provided by the WHO Collaborating Centre in China suggest that the virus is susceptible to the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir).

At this time there is no evidence of ongoing human-to-human transmission.

WHO does not advise special screening at points of entry with regard to this event, nor does it recommend that any travel or trade restrictions be applied.
=====================================

Disease Outbreak News

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  Human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus in China – update
  
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  Human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus in China – update
  
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  Human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus in China – update
  
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  Human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus in China

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[참고] 한국 질병관리본부 해외질병뉴스 ==> 실시간 업데이트는 커녕 WHO에서 발표한 소식이
 하루나 이틀이 지나도 전혀 올라오지도 않고… 대중매체의 뉴스보다도 더 소식이 느림. 정부가 언론의 해외질병뉴스를 뒤쫓아가는 형국임.
(공무원들의 느린 소통과 무사안일의 표본같음)

http://www.cdc.go.kr/CDC/info/CdcKrInfo0101.jsp?menuIds=HOME001-MNU0005-MNU0023

중국 정부와 일본 정부는 자국 국민들의 건강과 안전을 지키기 위해 WHO가 발표한
<중국 H7N9 조류독감 Q&A> 자료를 자국어로 번역하여 공개하고 있는데… 한국의
보건복지부와 질병관리본부 공무원들은 도대체 뭘하고 있는 것일까?

[수정] 대한민국 정부의 질병관리본부는 4월 9일에야  <조류인플루엔자 A(H7N9)
인체감염증 관련 Q&A> 자료를 홈피에 게시하였다.

4월 15일 오후 6시 현재 대한민국 정부의 질병관리본부의 <해외질병뉴스>엔
여전히 4월 11일자 WHO 상황보고 자료가 올려져 있을 뿐이다.(4월 11일 현재
총 38명 환자 중 10명 사망)

그러나 4월 15일 현재 중국에서 H7N9 조류독감 바이러스 확진환자는 총 60명에
이르렀으며 그 중 13명 사망했다. 특히 허난성과 베이징에서도 확진 환자가
확인되어 독감 바이러스가 북부 지역으로 확산된 사실이 확인되었다.

대한민국 정부의 느려터진 리스크 대응능력 때문에 국민과 위험정보 소통이
제대로 되지 않아 불신과 괴담이 유포될 우려가 높다. 불신과 괴담의 근원엔
리스크 관리 능력과 소통이 제대로 되지 않는 무능한 정부의 대응 시스템이
자리잡고 있는 것이다.(4월 15일 오후 6시 수정)

========================

Frequently Asked Questions on human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus, China

Note that this document supersedes the previous version. Updates will be posted as new information becomes available.

1. What is the influenza A(H7N9) virus?

Influenza A H7 viruses are a group of influenza viruses that normally circulate among birds. The influenza A(H7N9) virus is one subgroup among the larger group of H7 viruses. Although some H7 viruses (H7N2, H7N3 and H7N7) have occasionally been found to infect humans, no human infections with H7N9 viruses have been reported until recent reports from China.

2. What are the main symptoms of human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus?

Thus far, most patients with this infection have had severe pneumonia. Symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath. However, information is still limited about the full spectrum of disease that infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus might cause.

3. How many human cases of influenza A(H7N9) virus have been reported in China to date?

New cases that are reported are now being compiled and posted daily. The most current information on cases can be found in Disease Outbreak News.

4. Why is this virus infecting humans now?

We do not know the answer to this question yet, because we do not know the source of exposure for these human infections. However, analysis of the genes of these viruses suggests that although they have evolved from avian (bird) viruses, they show signs of adaption to growth in mammalian species. These adaptations include an ability to bind to mammalian cells, and to grow at temperatures close to the normal body temperature of mammals (which is lower than that of birds).

5. What is known about previous human infections with H7 influenza viruses globally?

From 1996 to 2012, human infections with H7 influenza viruses (H7N2, H7N3, and H7N7) were reported in the Netherlands, Italy, Canada, United States of America, Mexico and the United Kingdom. Most of these infections occurred in association with poultry outbreaks. The infections mainly resulted in conjunctivitis and mild upper respiratory symptoms, with the exception of one death, which occurred in the Netherlands. Until now, no human infections with H7 influenza viruses have been reported in China.

6. Is the influenza A(H7N9) virus different from influenza A(H1N1) and A(H5N1) viruses?

Yes. All three viruses are influenza A viruses but they are distinct from each other. H7N9 and H5N1 are considered animal influenza viruses that sometimes infect people. H1N1 viruses can be divided into those that normally infect people and those that normally infect animals.

7. How did people become infected with the influenza A(H7N9) virus?

Some of the confirmed cases had contact with animals or with an animal environment. The virus has been found in a pigeon in a market in Shanghai. It is not yet known how persons became infected. The possibility of animal-to-human transmission is being investigated, as is the possibility of person-to-person transmission.

8. How can infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus be prevented?

Although both the source of infection and the mode of transmission are uncertain, it is prudent to follow basic hygienic practices to prevent infection. They include hand and respiratory hygiene and food safety measures.

Hand hygiene:
• Wash your hands before, during, and after you prepare food; before you eat; after you use the toilet; after handling animals or animal waste; when your hands are dirty; and when providing care when someone in your home is sick. Hand hygiene will also prevent the transmission of infections to yourself (from touching contaminated surfaces) and in hospitals to patients, health care workers and others.
• Wash your hands with soap and running water when visibly dirty; if not visibly dirty, wash your hands with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand cleanser.

Respiratory hygiene:
• Cover your mouth and nose with a medical mask, tissue, or a sleeve or flexed elbow when coughing or sneezing; throw the used tissue into a closed bin immediately after use; perform hand hygiene after contact with respiratory secretions.

9. Is it safe to eat meat, i.e. poultry and pork products?

Influenza viruses are not transmitted through consuming well-cooked food. Because influenza viruses are inactivated by normal temperatures used for cooking (so that food reaches 70°C in all parts— “piping” hot — no “pink” parts), it is safe to eat properly prepared and cooked meat, including from poultry and game birds.

Diseased animals and animals that have died of diseases should not be eaten.

In areas experiencing outbreaks, meat products can be safely consumed provided that these items are properly cooked and properly handled during food preparation. The consumption of raw meat and uncooked blood-based dishes is a high-risk practice and should be discouraged.

10. Is it safe to visit live markets and farms in areas where human cases have been recorded?

When visiting live markets, avoid direct contact with live animals and surfaces in contact with animals. If you live on a farm and raise animals for food, such as pigs and poultry, be sure to keep children away from sick and dead animals; keep animal species separated as much as possible; and report immediately to local authorities any cases of sick and dead animals. Sick or dead animals should not be butchered and prepared for food.

11. Is there a vaccine for the influenza A(H7N9) virus?

No vaccine for the prevention of influenza A(H7N9) infections is currently available. However, viruses have already been isolated and characterized from the initial cases. The first step in development of a vaccine is the selection of candidate viruses that could go into a vaccine. WHO, in collaboration with partners, will continue to characterize available influenza A(H7N9) viruses to identify the best candidate viruses. These candidate vaccine viruses can then be used for the manufacture of vaccine if this step becomes necessary.

12. Does treatment exist for influenza A(H7N9) infection?

Laboratory testing conducted in China has shown that the influenza A(H7N9) viruses are sensitive to the anti-influenza drugs known as neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). When these drugs are given early in the course of illness, they have been found to be effective against seasonal influenza virus and influenza A(H5N1) virus infection. However, at this time, there is no experience with the use of these drugs for the treatment of H7N9 infection.

13. Is the general population at risk from the influenza A(H7N9) virus?

We do not yet know enough about these infections to determine whether there is a significant risk of community spread. This possibility is the subject of epidemiological investigations that are now taking place.

14. Are health care workers at risk from the influenza A(H7N9) influenza virus?

Health care workers often come into contact with patients with infectious diseases. Therefore, WHO recommends that appropriate infection prevention and control measures be consistently applied in health care settings, and that the health status of health care workers be closely monitored. Together with standard precautions, health care workers caring for those suspected or confirmed to have influenza A(H7N9) infection should use additional precautions (http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/WHO_CDS_EPR_2007_6/en/index.html).

15. What investigations have begun?

Local and national health authorities are taking the following measures, among others:
• Enhanced surveillance for pneumonia cases of unknown origin to ensure early detection and laboratory confirmation of new cases;
• Epidemiological investigation, including assessment of suspected cases and contacts of known cases;
• Close collaboration with animal health authorities to determine the source of the infection.

16. Does this influenza virus pose a pandemic threat?

Any animal influenza virus that develops the ability to infect people is a theoretical risk to cause a pandemic. However, whether the influenza A(H7N9) virus could actually cause a pandemic is unknown. Other animal influenza viruses that have been found to occasionally infect people have not gone on to cause a pandemic.

17. Is it safe to travel to China?

The number of cases identified in China is very low. WHO does not advise the application of any travel measures with respect to visitors to China nor to persons leaving China.

18. Are Chinese products safe?

There is no evidence to link the current cases with any Chinese products. WHO advises against any restrictions to trade at this time.

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世界卫生组织关于人感染H7N9禽流感知识答问

중국어 번역 http://www.moh.gov.cn/mohbgt/s3582/201304/ed2316696bd34d1b81db044712590056.shtml

담배에 관한 중요한 사실 

1) 담배는 흡연자 2명 중 1명을 죽음에 이르게 한다.
2) 담배는 매년 6백만 명의 사람을 죽인다. 5백만 명은 흡연자 및 과거 흡연자이며,
60만명은 간접 흡연에 노출된 비흡연자이다. 긴급하게 흡연 규제 조치를 취하지 않는다면,
2030년엔 해마다 8백만 명 이상의 사람이 담배로 인해 사망할 것이다.
3) 전 세계 흡연자 10명 중 8명은 개발도상국 또는 저개발 국가에 거주한다.
4) 고소득 또는 중등도 소득 이상 국가에서 담배 소비가 감소하고 있음에도 불구하고,
전 세계적으로 담배 제품의 소비는 계속 증가하고 있다.

Tobacco

Key facts

• Tobacco kills up to half of its users.
  
• Tobacco kills nearly six million people each year, of whom more than 5 million are users and ex users and more than 600 000 are nonsmokers exposed to second-hand smoke. Unless urgent action is taken, the annual death toll could rise to more than eight million by 2030.
  
• Nearly 80% of the world’s one billion smokers live in low- and middle-income countries.
  
• Consumption of tobacco products is increasing globally, though it is decreasing in some high-income and upper middle-income countries.

Leading cause of death, illness and impoverishment

The tobacco epidemic is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced. It kills nearly six million people a year of whom more than 5 million are users and ex users and more than 600 000 are nonsmokers exposed to second-hand smoke. Approximately one person dies every six seconds due to tobacco and this accounts for one in 10 adult deaths. Up to half of current users will eventually die of a tobacco-related disease.

Nearly 80% of the more than one billion smokers worldwide live in low- and middle-income countries, where the burden of tobacco-related illness and death is heaviest.

Tobacco users who die prematurely deprive their families of income, raise the cost of health care and hinder economic development.

In some countries, children from poor households are frequently employed in tobacco farming to provide family income. These children are especially vulnerable to “green tobacco sickness”, which is caused by the nicotine that is absorbed through the skin from the handling of wet tobacco leaves.

Gradual killer

Because there is a lag of several years between when people start using tobacco and when their health suffers, the epidemic of tobacco-related disease and death has just begun.

• Tobacco caused 100 million deaths in the 20th century. If current trends continue, it will cause up to one billion deaths in the 21st century.
  
• Unchecked, tobacco-related deaths will increase to more than eight million per year by 2030. More than 80% of those deaths will be in low- and middle-income countries.

Surveillance is key

Good monitoring tracks the extent and character of the tobacco epidemic and indicates how best to tailor policies. Only fifty-nine countries, representing under half of the world’s population, monitor tobacco use by repeating nationally representative youth and adult surveys at least once every five years.

Second-hand smoke kills

Second-hand smoke is the smoke that fills restaurants, offices or other enclosed spaces when people burn tobacco products such as cigarettes, bidis and water pipes. There is no safe level of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke.

Every person should be able to breathe smoke-free air. Smoke-free laws protect the health of non-smokers, are popular, do not harm business and encourage smokers to quit.¹

• Under 11% of the world’s population are protected by comprehensive national smoke-free laws.
  
• The number of people protected from second-hand smoke more than doubled to 739 million in 2010 from 354 million in 2008.
  
• Almost half of children regularly breathe air polluted by tobacco smoke.
  
• Over 40% of children have at least one smoking parent.
  
• Second-hand smoke causes more than 600 000 premature deaths per year.
  
• In 2004, children accounted for 31% of the deaths attributable to second-hand smoke.
  
• There are more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, of which at least 250 are known to be harmful and more than 50 are known to cause cancer.
  
• In adults, second-hand smoke causes serious cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including coronary heart disease and lung cancer. In infants, it causes sudden death. In pregnant women, it causes low birth weight.

Tobacco users need help to quit

Studies show that few people understand the specific health risks of tobacco use. For example, a 2009 survey in China revealed that only 37% of smokers knew that smoking causes coronary heart disease and only 17% knew that it causes stroke.²

Among smokers who are aware of the dangers of tobacco, most want to quit. Counselling and medication can more than double the chance that a smoker who tries to quit will succeed.

• National comprehensive health-care services supporting cessation are available in only 19 countries, representing 14% of the world’s population.
  
• There is no cessation assistance in 28% of low-income countries and 7% of middle-income countries.

Picture warnings work

Hard-hitting anti-tobacco advertisements and graphic pack warnings – especially those that include pictures – reduce the number of children who begin smoking and increase the number of smokers who quit.

Studies carried out after the implementation of pictorial package warnings in Brazil, Canada, Singapore and Thailand consistently show that pictorial warnings significantly increase people’s awareness of the harms of tobacco use.

Mass media campaigns can also reduce tobacco consumption, by influencing people to protect non-smokers and convincing youths to stop using tobacco.

• Just 19 countries, representing 15% of the world’s population, meet the best practice for pictorial warnings, which includes the warnings in the local language and cover an average of at least half of the front and back of cigarette packs. No low-income country meets this best-practice level.
  
• Forty-two countries, representing 42% of the world’s population, mandate pictorial warnings.
  
• Graphic warnings can persuade smokers to protect the health of non-smokers by smoking less inside the home and avoiding smoking near children.
  
• More than 1.9 billion people, representing 28% of the world’s population, live in the 23 countries that have implemented at least one strong anti-tobacco mass media campaign within the last two years.

Ad bans lower consumption

Bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship can reduce tobacco consumption.

• A comprehensive ban on all tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship could decrease tobacco consumption by an average of about 7%, with some countries experiencing a decline in consumption of up to 16%.
  
• Only 19 countries, representing 6% of the world’s population, have comprehensive national bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship.
  
• Forty-six per cent of the world’s population lives in countries that do not ban free distribution of tobacco products.

Taxes discourage tobacco use

Tobacco taxes are the most effective way to reduce tobacco use, especially among young people and poor people. A tax increase that increases tobacco prices by 10% decreases tobacco consumption by about 4% in high-income countries and by up to 8% in low- and middle-income countries.

• Only 27 countries, representing less than 8% of the world’s population, have tobacco tax rates greater than 75% of the retail price.
  
• Tobacco tax revenues are on average 154 times higher than spending on tobacco control, based on available data.

WHO response

WHO is committed to fight the global tobacco epidemic. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control entered into force in February 2005. Since then, it has become one of the most widely embraced treaties in the history of the United Nations with more than 170 Parties covering 87% of the world’s population. The WHO Framework Convention is WHO’s most important tobacco control tool and a milestone in the promotion of public health. It is an evidence-based treaty that reaffirms the right of people to the highest standard of health, provides legal dimensions for international health cooperation and sets high standards for compliance.

In 2008, WHO introduced a package of tobacco control measures to further counter the tobacco epidemic and to help countries to implement the WHO Framework Convention. Known by their acronym MPOWER, the measures are identified as “best buys” and “good buys” in tobacco control. Each measure corresponds to at least one provision of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

The six MPOWER measures are:

• Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies
  
• Protect people from tobacco use
  
• Offer help to quit tobacco use
  
• Warn about the dangers of tobacco
  
• Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship
  
• Raise taxes on tobacco.

For more information contact:

WHO Media centre
Telephone: +41 22 791 2222
E-mail: mediainquiries@who.int

¹ Scollo M, Lal A, Hyland A, Glantz S (2003), Review of the quality of studies on the economic effects of smoke-free policies on the hospitality industry, Tobacco Control;12:13–20

• ² Call for pictorial warnings on tobacco packs: WHO news release, 29 May 2009

WHO: 10 facts on the tobacco epidemic and its control

http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/tobacco_epidemic/en/index.html

Fact 1 흡연은 폐암, 심장병 등을 일으켜 년간 전 세계 540만명 죽여

The tobacco epidemic kills 5.4 million people a year from lung cancer, heart disease and other illnesses. Unchecked, that number will increase to more than eight million a year by 2030. Tobacco use is a risk factor for six of the eight leading causes of deaths in the world.

Fact 2 담배회사의 마케팅 전략으로 개도국에서 흡연 관련 사망 급증. (개도국 청소년 및 성인, 그리고 여성을 공략)

Tragically, the epidemic is shifting towards the developing world, where 80% of tobacco-related deaths will occur within a few decades. The shift is caused by a global tobacco industry marketing strategy that targets young people and adults in developing countries. In addition, because most women currently do not use tobacco, the tobacco industry aggressively reaches out to them to tap into this potential new market.

Fact 3 흡연 관련 사망은 인간에 의해 만들어졌으며, 예방 가능.(전 세계 5%의 인구만이 흡연을 효과적으로 통제하고 있는 나라에 살고 있음)