건강과 대안 » L타입

[광우병] 미국 소비자연맹이 미 FDA에 보낸 서한(5월 1일자)

건강과대안 — Tue, 15 May 2012 16:30:31 +0000

미 소비자연맹이 5월 1일자로 미 FDA에 보낸 서한입니다.

미국 캘리포니아 광우병 발생은 현행 미국의 광우병 안전조치가 안전하지 못하다는 경고이며, 미 FDA는 가축과 쇠고기를 섭취하는 국민의 건강을 보호하기 위해 추가적인 조치를 취해야 한다고 밝히고 있습니다.

광우병 위험물질이 순환되어 미국에서 사육되는 소에서 증폭될 우려가 있기 때문에 미 FDA는 소의 피(bovine blood), 닭장 쓰레기(poultry litter), 모든 뇌(all brains)를 즉각 금지해야 한다고 주장하고 있습니다.

미국 소비자연맹은 미 정부가 확인한 캘리포니아 광우병 소는 비전형 광우병 L-형인데, L-형은 자연발생적으로 일어난 것이 아닐 수 있으며, 사료를 통해 감염이 일어날 수 있을 뿐더러 특히 사람에게 감염성이 있을 수 있으므로 FDA는 특히 경계를 늦추지 말아야 한다고 강조하고 있습니다.

미 소비자연맹은 L타입 비전형 광우병은 유럽과 캐나다에서 확인된 바 있는데, 이러한 사실은 사료를 통해 감염이 일어날 수 있다는 점을 암시하고 있다고 밝혔습니다.

L타입 비전형 광우병은 인간에게 전염될 수 있으며, 정형 광우병보다 더 쉽게 전염이 일어날 수 있음을 암시하는 연구결과도 있다고 밝혔습니다.

L타입 비전형 광우병은 유인원에게 경구를 통해 감염이 일어날 수 있다는 또다른 연구도 있으며, 쥐를 실험동물로 한 연구에서는 정형 광우병보다 잠복기가 짧아 병독력이 더 강한 것으로
나타나기도 했다고 밝혔습니다.

따라서 미 FDA는 소의 피(bovine blood), 닭장 쓰레기(poultry litter), 모든 뇌(all brains)의 사용을 즉각 금지해야 한다는 의견을 전달했습니다.

====================================

May 1, 2012
Margaret Hamburg, Commissioner U.S. Food and Drug Administration
10903 New Hampshire Ave.
Silver Spring, MD 20993

Dear Commissioner Hamburg:

USDA’s announcement last week that a fourth case of bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE) has been identified in the United States, in a dairy cow in Central
California, is a warning flag that current safeguards against BSE are not adequate and
FDA should take additional steps to protect the health of animals and of the beef-eating
public.

Consumers Union, the policy and advocacy arm of Consumer Reports, is concerned that
if additional steps are not taken now, this deadly disease could circulate and amplify
within U.S. cattle. FDA should immediately prohibit feeding bovine blood, poultry litter,
and all brains and other “specified risk materials” to cows, as all of these could carry the
BSE infective agent.

USDA has confirmed to news media that the current case is an “L-type” atypical strain of
BSE.1 FDA therefore must be especially vigilant, because this may well not be a
“spontaneous” case, but rather may well have been infected through feed, and it may be
particularly infectious in humans.

The L-type BSE strain has previously been identified in cattle in Europe2 and in Canada.3
This would suggest that the current case may have been contracted through feed.
Studies further suggest that the L-type BSE can infect humans, possibly even more easily
than “classical” BSE. A study using humanized mice (mice genetically engineered to
have brain prions like humans) suggested that L-type BSE could infect humans.4 Another

1 Thompson, H. 2012. California BSE prion comes with a different twist. Nature News Blog, April 27.
At: http://blogs.nature.com/news/2012/04/california-bse-prion-comes-with-a-different-twist.html
2 Brown, P, McShane, LM, Zancusso, G and L Detwiler. 2006. On the question of sporadic or atypical
bovine spongiform encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(12):
1816-1821. At: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/12/pdfs/06-0965.pdf
3 Dudas, S et al. 2010. Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada. PLOS One, At:
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0010638
4 Kong, Q, et al. 2008. Evaluation of the human transmission risk of an atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion strain. Journal of Virology, pp. 3697-3701.

study showed oral transmission to a primate.5 The mouse study also found shorter
incubation periods than for classical BSE, making it a more “virulent” strain.6

Therefore, to ensure that this, or any other type of BSE, does not circulate in animal feed,
we urge FDA to take additional steps to ensure feed safety. Ideally FDA should prohibit
feeding of all mammal material to food animals. Specific measures that should be taken
immediately are outlined below.

FDA should ban the feeding of poultry litter (chicken coop floor wastes) to cattle.
It is surprising to many consumers that in intensive livestock production facilities, pigs
and chickens are fed the rendered remains of slaughtered cows, and dairy and beef cows
are fed the rendered remains of pigs and chickens, as well as chicken coop floor wastes.
Feeding poultry litter to cows in particular creates an opportunity for BSE to spread,
because poultry knock a certain amount of their feed on to the floor.

An estimated two billion pounds of poultry litter—floor wastes that include feces and
feathers as well as uneaten feed—is fed to cattle every year.7 As former FDA Commissioner
Dr. Lester Crawford stated in 2003, “There is a possibility that chickens waste so much feed
that the litter can contain up to 30% meat and bone meal.”8 This translates to 600 million
pounds of meat and bone meal—which can come from cattle—that may be fed to cattle every
year.

If the BSE infectious agent were present when this cow-protein containing floor waste is
fed back to cows, then the BSE infectious agent could be passed along. Given that BSE
has been shown to still be present in U.S. cattle as of 2012, FDA should, as a preventive
measure, prohibit the risky practice of feeding poultry litter to cattle. In 2009, 13
organization, including Consumers Union petitioned FDA to ban poultry litter as feed for
cattle (e.g., Docket No. FDA-2009-P-0405-0001).9 FDA should grant this petition.
FDA should ban feeding of bovine blood products to cattle.

The FDA allows bovine blood products to be fed back to cattle. Much of this, in the form of
bovine plasma or red blood cells, may be used as calf milk replacer.10 We now know that
blood can contain the infectious agent. Two people in the United Kingdom are believed to
have contracted a human form of the disease, vCJD, from blood transfusion.11 Studies have

5 Mestre-Frances N et al. 2012. Oral transmission of L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy in primate model. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1): 142-145.
6 Kong et al. Op cit.
7 Hileman, B. 2003. Guarding against mad cow disease. Chemical and Engineering News, 81(31): 32-34.
At: http://www.organicconsumers.org/madcow/america_mad_cow.cfm
8 Ibid.
9 FACT (Food Animal Concerns Trust). 2009. Petition to FDA to ban use of poultry litter as animal feed.
At: http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2009-P-0405-0001;oldLink=false
10 See: http://www.extension.org/pages/17563/application-of-new-technologies-in-functional-proteins-forfeeding-
calves
11 Llewelyn, C.A., Hewitt, P.E., Knight, R.S. et al. 2004. Possible transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease by blood transfusion. Lancet, 363: 417-421. and Peden, A.H., Head, M.W., Ritchie, D.L., Bell, J.E.

also shown that either mice12 or sheep13 infected with BSE can transmit the disease to other mice or sheep via blood transfusion. Since milk replacer is fed to weaning animals, which appear to be more susceptible to BSE than older animals, FDA, as a preventive measure, should prohibit bovine blood products in cattle feed.
FDA should ban all ruminant brains, spinal cords, and other “specified risk
materials” from animal feed, regardless of the age of the ruminant these materials
come from .

As a further safeguard, FDA should prohibit all brains, spinal cords and other potentially
risky “specified risk materials” in animal and pet food. In 2008, FDA banned brains and
spinal cords from cattle older than 30 months, in animal and pet food. This ban was too
narrow; it should include a broader range of risky materials, such as tonsils and eyes,
including all the tissues FDA banned for human consumption in 2004.14 Risky materials
from younger cattle also should be prohibited in animal and pet food. In the United
Kingdom, BSE has been found in at least 49 cows under 30 months of age.15 Therefore
FDA should extend the ban on risky materials to include such materials from all cattle,
regardless of age.

We would appreciate having an opportunity to discuss these recommendations with you
and your staff. Thank you for your consideration.

Sincerely,

Michael Hansen, Ph.D.
Senior Scientist

Jean Halloran
Director, Food Policy Initiatives
cc USDA Secretary Tom Vilsack
and J.W. Ironside. 2004. Preclinical vCJD after blood transfusion in a PRNP codon 129 heterozygous. Lancet, 364: 527-528.
12 Taylor, D.M., Fernie, K., Reichl, H.E. and R.A. Somerville. 2000. Infectivity in blood of mice with a
BSE-derived agent. Letter to the Editor. Journal of Hospital Infection, 46: 78-79.
13 Hunter, N., Forster, J., Chong, A., McCutcheon, Parnham, D., Eaton, S., MacKenzie, C. and F. Houston.
2002. Transmission of prion diseases by blood transfusion. Journal of General Virology, 83: 2897-2905.
14 FDA. 2004. Interim Final Rule on Use of Materials Derived from Cattle in Human Food and Cosmetics.
69 FR 134, pp. 42256-42274. At: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2004-07-14/html/04-15881.htm
15 http://vla.defra.gov.uk/vla/vla_ati_020205.htm

[광우병] SBS ‘그것이 알고싶다’에서도 밝혀내지 못한 정부의 거짓말 2

건강과대안 — Tue, 15 May 2012 13:22:38 +0000

농림부는 미국의 4번째 광우병 발생이 알려진 당일 미국으로부터 광우병 발견 사실 관계를 통보받은 문서가 4월 24일(미 현지시간) 미 농무부 수석 수의관 존 클리포드가 발표한 “미국내 BSE 검색 관련 수석 수의관 존 클리포드 성명서” 밖에 없다고 밝혔다.

이 성명서에는 광우병 소에 대한 구체적인 정보를 밝히지 않고 “캘리포니아 중부지역의 젖소에서 미국의 4번째 광우병이 확인되었으며, 일반적으로 감염된 사료를 소비한 동물과 관련이 없는 것으로 알려진 아주 희귀한 비전형 광우병으로 밝혀졌으며, 미국 정부의 검사결과를 국제수역사무국(OIE) 표준실험실이 잇는 영국과 캐나다에 보냈다”는 내용만 공개되었다.

[질의] 미국 정부가 위 광우병 발견 사실 관계를 한국에 통보한 문서 또는 전문 또는 자료

[답변] 미국 정부는 미 농무부에서 4월 24일(현지시간) 발표한 “미국내 BSE 검색 관련 수석 수의관 존 클리포드 수석

수의관 성명서(http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentid=2012/04/0132.xml&contentidonly=true)를

송부해옴.

Statement by USDA Chief Veterinary Officer John Clifford Regarding a Detection of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in the United States

Release No. 0132.12

Contact: Office of Communication 202-720-4623

Assures Consumers That Existing Safeguards Protected Food Supply; Reiterates Safety of Consuming Beef Products

WASHINGTON, April 24, 2012 – USDA Chief Veterinary Officer John Clifford today released the following statement on the detection of BSE in the United States:

“As part of our targeted surveillance system, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has confirmed the nation’s fourth case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in a dairy cow from central California. The carcass of the animal is being held under State authority at a rendering facility in California and will be destroyed. It was never presented for slaughter for human consumption, so at no time presented a risk to the food supply or human health. Additionally, milk does not

transmit BSE.

“The United States has had longstanding interlocking safeguards to protect human and animal health against BSE. For public health, these measures include the USDA ban on specified risk materials, or SRMs, from the food supply. SRMs are parts of the animal that are most likely to contain the BSE agent if it is present in an animal. USDA also bans all nonambulatory (sometimes called “downer”) cattle from entering the human food chain. For animal health, the Food and Drug

Administration (FDA) ban on ruminant material in cattle feed prevents the spread of the disease in the cattle herd.

“Evidence shows that our systems and safeguards to prevent BSE are working, as are similar actions taken by countries around the world.

In 2011, there were only 29 worldwide cases of BSE, a dramatic decline and 99% reduction since the peak in 1992 of 37,311 cases. This is directly attributable to the impact and effectiveness of feed bans as a primary control measure for the disease.

“Samples from the animal in question were tested at USDA’s National Veterinary Services Laboratories in Ames, Iowa. Confirmatory results using immunohistochemistry and western blot tests confirmed the animal was positive for atypical BSE, a very rare form of the disease not generally associated with an animal consuming infected feed.

“We are sharing our laboratory results with international animal health reference laboratories in Canada and England, which have official World Animal Health (OIE) reference labs. These labs have extensive experience diagnosing atypical BSE and will review our confirmation of this form of the disease. In addition, we will be conducting a comprehensive epidemiological investigation in conjunction with California animal and public health officials and the FDA.

“BSE is a progressive neurological disease among cattle that is always fatal. It belongs to a family of diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Affected animals may display nervousness or aggression, abnormal posture, difficulty in coordination and rising, decreased milk production, or loss of body weight despite continued appetite.

“This detection in no way affects the United States’ BSE status as determined by the OIE. The United States has in place all of the elements of a system that OIE has determined ensures that beef and beef products are safe for human consumption: a mammalian feed ban, removal of specified risk materials, and vigorous surveillance. Consequently, this detection should not affect U.S. trade.

“USDA remains confident in the health of the national herd and the safety of beef and dairy products. As the epidemiological investigation progresses, USDA will continue to communicate findings in a timely and transparent manner.”

#

USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. To file a complaint of discrimination, write: USDA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, Office of Adjudication, 1400 Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (866) 632-9992 (Toll-free Customer Service), (800) 877-8339 (Local or Federal relay), (866) 377-8642 (Relay voice users).

이 정도 수준의 정보만 통보받은 한국정부는 정보가 부족하다면서도 검역중단이나 수입중단 조치를 발표하지 않았다. SBS 그것이 알고 싶다 방송에서도 여인홍 농림수산식품부 식품산업정책실장이 “현재 미국에서 발표된 내용이 굉장이 제한적입니다.”라고 정보부족을 스스로 시인하고 있다.

그러나 이미 외국 언론이나 전문가들, 그리고 관심이 있는 네티즌들은 미국 캘리포니아 비정형 광우병이 L-형이라는 사실을 알고 있었다.

http://braintalkcommunities.org/showthread.php/1887-4th-MAD-COW-DISEASE-U-S-A-CALIFORNIA-ATYPICAL-L-TYPE-BSE-2012

http://blogs.nature.com/news/2012/04/california-bse-prion-comes-with-a-different-twist.html

http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/04/4th-mad-cow-disease-usa-california.html

뿐만 아니라 OIE 누리집에도 4월 26일자로 미국정부가 보고한 광우병 발생 보고 내용이 공개된 상황이었다.

Information received on 26/04/2012 from Dr John Clifford, Deputy Administrator, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, United States of America

출처 : http://web.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=11893

OIE 홈 페이지에 4월 26일자로 공개된 내용을 보면… 캘리포니아 광우병 소는 나이가 10년 7개월령 젖소이며, 4월 19일 렌더링 공장에서 광우병 검사를 위해 샘플 채취했다. 그 소는 파행(lameness) 증상을 보여 도태시켰다(culled). 설명 – 다리를 절고 주저앉는 다우너 증상을 보여 안락사시킴.) 4월 19일 캘리포니아 주립대학에서 ELISA 검사를 실시했는데 결과는 Doubtful (uncertain)으로 나왔다. 4월 21일 아이오와주에 소재한 미국 국립수의과학연구소(NVSL)에서 ELISA 검사를 실시했는데 결과는 Doubtful (uncertain)으로 나왔으며, 4월 23일 면역조직화학검사(IHC)를 실시했는데 광우병 양성으로 나왔으며, 4월 23일 웨스턴 블로팅 검사를 실시했는데 광우병 양성으로 나왔다. 미국 정부는 4월 26일 국제수역사무국(OIE)에 비전형 광우병(atypical BSE) 발생 사례를 보고했다.

한국정부는 사건 발생 당일 인터넷으로도 확인할 수 있는 이러한 정보도 확인하지 못했던 것으로 추정된다. 미국 정부가 최소한의 기본정도도 제공하지 않았다는 말이다. 광우병 정밀검사 이미지 자료만 보내주더라도 비전형 L형이라는 사실은 금방 판독이 가능한데, 그 자료조차도 보내주지 않은 것으로 추정된다.

농림부는 미국 워싱턴 DC에 현지 검역관을 파견해놓고 있으며, 주미대사관에도 농무참사관이 있다. 그런데도 사건발생 당시 이러한 정보조차도 파악하지 못했다면, 한국 정부가 얼마나 무능한가를 스스로 드러낸 것일 뿐이다.

SBS 그것이 알고싶다 방송을 통하여 4월 27일에야 정부가 미국 광우병에 대한 추가정보를 통보받은 것으로 다시 한 번 확실히 확인되었다. 여인홍 농림수산식품부 식품산업정책실장은 4월 27일 기자브리핑에 앞서 “제가 올라오기 전에 막 연락 받았는데 (미국 답변서가) 도착했답니다.”고 밝혔으며, 5월 3일에서야 “L타입으로 나왔다고 그럽니다”고 밝히고 있다.

4월 26일 광우병 진단 시점에서 확인된 L타입이라는 사실을 외신과 외국 전문가들과 관심있는 네티즌들이 이미 다 알고 있는 상황에서… 한국정부는 한참 뒤에야 그러한 내용을 알게 되고, 마치 그것이 대단한 정보인양 기자들에게 브리핑한 것 자체가 부끄럽기 짝이 없는 일이었다.