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	<title>건강과 대안 &#187; 프리온 질병</title>
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		<title>[광우병] Alzheimer&#8217;s, Parkinson&#8217;s, more &#8212; due to infectious proteins?</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 26 Jun 2012 18:20:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[광우병]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[감염성 단백질]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[프리온 질병]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Alzheimer&#8217;s, Parkinson&#8217;s, more &#8212; due to infectious proteins? June 22, 2012&#124;By Rosie Mestel, Los Angeles Times /http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/22/news/la-heb-alzheimers-parkinsons-infectious-proteins-20120622 Who hasn’t heard of mad cow disease? Maybe there are a [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><DIV class="mod-latarticlesarticleheader mod-articleheader" id=mod-article-header><br />
<H1 class=multi-line-title-1>Alzheimer&#8217;s, Parkinson&#8217;s, more &#8212; due to infectious proteins?</H1></DIV><br />
<DIV class="mod-latarticlesarticlebyline mod-articlebyline" id=mod-article-byline><SPAN class=pubdate><A href="http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/22">June 22, 2012</A></SPAN><SPAN class=separator>|</SPAN><SPAN>By Rosie Mestel, Los Angeles Times /</SPAN><BR><BR><BR><A href="http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/22/news/la-heb-alzheimers-parkinsons-infectious-proteins-20120622">http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/22/news/la-heb-alzheimers-parkinsons-infectious-proteins-20120622</A><BR><BR><br />
<P>Who hasn’t heard of mad cow disease? Maybe there are a lot more diseases like that than we recognize &#8212; such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s&nbsp; &#8212; that are caused by a rogue, mis-folded piece of protein that seeds other bits of protein to mis-fold as well.<BR><BR>So argues Stanley Prusiner, a UC San Francisco professor, in a commentary in the journal Science.<BR><BR>Prusiner won a Nobel Prize for finding that a class of neurodegenerative diseases (of which mad cow is one) is caused by such infectious proteins, dubbed prions. Diseases in this class include Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, which occurs sporadically, as well as a few inherited disorders, such as Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome and fatal familial insomnia.</P><br />
<P>In animals, the class includes mad cow (more properly called bovine spongiform encephalopathy or BSE), scrapie in sheep and chronic wasting disease in elk.</P><br />
<P>And then &#8212; in humans again &#8212; there’s variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, the type scientists think was linked to consumption of BSE-infected beef.</P><br />
<P>In all those cases, the rogue is a mis-folded protein called PrP.</P><br />
<P>But there are many other diseases of the brain in which plaques or tangles of proteins build up. Could some of these also be caused by rogue, self-propagating proteins?</P><br />
<P>In Alzheimer’s, for example, plaques of a protein called beta-amyloid accumulate in brain cells.</P><br />
<P>In Parkinson’s, bits of a different protein, alpha-synuclein, clump together to form structures called Lewy bodies.</P><br />
<P>In Huntington’s disease, bits of a protein called huntingtinclump up.</P><br />
<P>There are protein clumps in amyloid lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease)&nbsp; and in some other diseases as well.</P><br />
<P>Some studies suggest that under the right conditions, the abnormally folded proteins can contort the shapes of normally folded versions of the protein, Prusiner notes &#8212; in other words, they can spread.&nbsp; Here, for example, is an article that describes such experiments for the protein deposits that are seen with ALS.</P><br />
<P>And in the case of Alzheimer’s, scientists have shown that beta-amyloid plaque taken from brains of people who had Alzheimer’s can cause normal beta-amyloid in marmosets and rodents to form plaques too, when the material is injected into their brains.</P><br />
<P>The point of Prusiner’s opinion piece is not to say that these disorders were picked up from something people ate or from another person. He is arguing that a broader range of brain diseases than we have appreciated may be due to prions. The protein culprit in each case could be different &#8212; but all of them could mis-fold and make other, normally shaped proteins in a cell mis-fold as well, in a disease-causing cascade.</P><br />
<P>And if this is true, that implies a new approach to treating the disorders.</P><br />
<P>Here are Centers for Disease Control and Prevention websites where you can read about mad cow disease (or BSE); variant CJD, the human disease that scientists think was linked to BSE via consumption of BSE-infected beef; and classic CJD.<BR><BR>==============================<BR><A href="http://www.dmoz.org/Health/Animal/Conditions_and_Diseases/Transmissible_Spongiform_Encephalopathy/Bovine_Spongiform_Encephalopathy/">http://www.dmoz.org/Health/Animal/Conditions_and_Diseases/Transmissible_Spongiform_Encephalopathy/Bovine_Spongiform_Encephalopathy/</A><BR><A href="http://www.dmoz.org/">Top</A> </P><br />
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<LI><B>: </B><A href="http://www.dmoz.org/Health/Animal/Conditions_and_Diseases/Transmissible_Spongiform_Encephalopathy/">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy</A><br />
<LI class=last><STRONG><SPAN class=remBld>: </SPAN>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</STRONG>&nbsp;<EM><FONT size=4>(16)</FONT></EM><br />
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<p><FIELDSET class=fieldcap><LEGEND>See also:</LEGEND><br />
<UL class=directory><br />
<LI><A href="http://www.dmoz.org/Health/Animal/Mammals/Cattle/Conditions_and_Diseases/"><STRONG><FONT color=#3300cc size=3>Health: Animal: Mammals: Cattle: Conditions and Diseases</FONT></STRONG></A> <EM><FONT size=3>(29)</FONT></EM><br />
<LI><A href="http://www.dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Infectious_Diseases/Prion/"><STRONG><FONT color=#660066 size=3>Health: Conditions and Diseases: Infectious Diseases: Prion</FONT></STRONG></A> <EM><FONT size=3>(7)</FONT></EM><br />
<LI><A href="http://www.dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Neurological_Disorders/Infections/Creutzfeldt_Jakob_Disease/"><STRONG><FONT color=#3300cc size=3>Health: Conditions and Diseases: Neurological Disorders: Infections: Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease</FONT></STRONG></A> <EM><FONT size=3>(18)</FONT></EM><br />
<LI><A href="http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/Society_and_Culture/Issues/Countryside/Bovine_Spongiform_Encephalopathy_-_BSE/"><STRONG><FONT color=#3300cc size=3>Regional: Europe: United Kingdom: Society and Culture: Issues: Countryside: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy &#8211; BSE</FONT></STRONG></A> <EM><FONT size=3>(3)</FONT></EM><br />
<LI><A href="http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Technology/Food_Science/Consumer_Concerns/BSE_-_Bovine_Spongiform_Encephalopathy/"><STRONG><FONT color=#3300cc size=3>Science: Technology: Food Science: Consumer Concerns: BSE &#8211; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</FONT></STRONG></A> <EM><FONT size=3>(12)</FONT></EM> </LI></UL></FIELDSET><br />
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<UL class=language><br />
<LI><A href="http://www.dmoz.org/World/Deutsch/Gesundheit/Tiere/Krankheiten_und_Beschwerden/Bovine_Spongiforme_Encephalopathie/"><FONT color=#3300cc size=3>German</FONT></A> <EM><FONT size=3>(7)</FONT></EM> </LI></UL></FIELDSET><br />
<P><SPAN><IMG style="FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 100%; HEIGHT: 2px" src="http://o.aolcdn.com/os/dmoz/img/dividerN.gif"></SPAN> </P><br />
<FIELDSET class=fieldcap><br />
<UL class=directory-url style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0px"><br />
<LI><A href="http://www.aamp.com/safety_bse.php"><FONT color=#3300cc size=4>American Association of Meat Processors &#8211; BSE Information</FONT></A> &#8211; Provides resource manual and links to relevant BSE information.<br />
<LI><A href="http://www.ourcivilisation.com/madcow/index.htm"><FONT color=#3300cc size=4>An Explanation of Mad Cow Disease</FONT></A> &#8211; Mark Purdey argues and presents evidence that BSE, Kuru, and variant Creutzfeld Jakob Disease are caused by manganese poisoning.<br />
<LI><A href="http://w3.aces.uiuc.edu/AnSci/BSE/"><FONT color=#3300cc size=4>BSE Information at the University of Illinois</FONT></A> &#8211; Factual information, news releases, general information and web sites about BSE (mad cow disease); veterinary, consumer and producer information.<br />
<LI><A href="http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/bse-sheep-seac.pdf"><FONT color=#3300cc size=4>BSE and Sheep: Current Knowledge, Risk Assessment, SRM Controls and Options</FONT></A> &#8211; The Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee presents research findings on prion diseases in sheep and outlines areas of research still to be undertaken. [PDF]<br />
<LI><A href="http://www.bseinfo.org/"><FONT color=#3300cc size=4>BSEInfo.org</FONT></A> &#8211; A review of literature, research and historical data on these diseases, compiled under the auspices of the National Cattlemen&#8217;s Beef Association.<br />
<LI><A href="http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/bse/"><FONT color=#3300cc size=4>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)</FONT></A> &#8211; Information on this notifiable disease, first noticed in the UK in 1986, its control, eradication and associated legislation.<br />
<LI><A href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Fact_Sheets/Bovine_Spongiform_Encephalopathy_Mad_Cow_Disease/"><FONT color=#3300cc size=4>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Mad Cow Disease</FONT></A> &#8211; Factsheet on this condition from the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service.<br />
<LI><A href="http://www.bna.com/webwatch/madcow.htm"><FONT color=#3300cc size=4>Bureau for National Affairs (BNA) BSE Web Watch</FONT></A> &#8211; Provides links and news on mad cow disease from national and international governments and organizations.<br />
<LI><A href="http://drbroxmeyer.netfirms.com/MadCow.pdf"><FONT color=#3300cc size=4>Is Mad Cow Disease Caused by a Bacteria?</FONT></A> &#8211; Medical hypothesis by Lawrence Broxmeyer, MD. [PDF]<br />
<LI><A href="http://www.millerandlevine.com/news/bse/"><FONT color=#3300cc size=4>Mad Cow Disease</FONT></A> &#8211; Educational information from Miller and Levine on prions and mad cow disease.<br />
<LI><A href="http://www.microbiologybytes.com/blog/2007/04/02/the-origin-of-bse/"><FONT color=#3300cc size=4>MicrobiologyBytes: The Origin of BSE</FONT></A> &#8211; Article discussing the theory that cows had contracted the disease by eating feed containing the remains of sheep infected with scrapie.<br />
<LI><A href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/madcow/"><FONT color=#3300cc size=4>NOVA: The Brain Eater</FONT></A> &#8211; Article that explores the causes of Mad Cow disease, what happens when science faces an unknown pathogen, and the implications for public health.<br />
<LI><A href="http://www.mad-cow.org/"><FONT color=#3300cc size=4>Official Mad Cow Disease Home Page</FONT></A> &#8211; Contains thousands of articles on mad cow and other diseases.<br />
<LI><A href="http://madcow.pamrotella.com/"><FONT color=#3300cc size=4>Organophosphate and Mad Cow Disease</FONT></A> &#8211; Mark Purdey&#8217;s theory of mad cow disease.<br />
<LI><A href="http://www.markpurdey.com/science_the_origins_of_bse.htm"><FONT color=#3300cc size=4>The Origins of BSE</FONT></A> &#8211; Article by Mark Purdey discussing whether researchers into this disease have been ignoring environmental perspectives.<br />
<LI class=margin-top><A href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626274.300-absent-prions-blow-hole-in-bse-theory.html"><FONT color=#3300cc size=4>New Scientist: Absent Prions Blow Hole in BSE Theory</FONT></A> &#8211; Abstract of an article about the abnormal prion proteins assumed to be the infectious agents. (October 25, 2007) </LI></UL></FIELDSET><br />
<P>=======================<BR><BR><!--StartFragment--></P><br />
<P class=바탕글>Chakrabarti, O. &#038; R. Hedge (2009) ‘Functional depletion of mahogunin by cytosolically exposed prion protein contributes to neurodegeneration’ Cell 137 (6): 1136-1147 </P><br />
<P>프리온 질환의 발생과 마호구닌 단백질 <BR><BR>국가 미국 분야 생명공학 <BR><BR>KISTI 『글로벌동향브리핑(GTB)』 2009-06-12 <BR><BR>광우병에서 잘못된 모양의 단백질인 프리온 (prion)은 뇌에 구멍을 만들어 내고 궁극적으로 뇌세포를 파괴하는 결과를 가져온다. 유전병으로서 프리온 질환은 희귀하지만 가족들에게 전달되어 광우병과 동일한 결과를 가져온다. 하지만 오랫동안 문제가 되어 온 것은 왜 프리온 단백질이 다른 형태의 세포는 놓아두고 뉴론만을 공격하는가에 대한 문제였으며 어떻게 손상을 일으키는가에 대한 질문에 대한 해답을 내놓지 못했다. 새로운 연구에서 연구자들은 프리온 단백질은 보통 정상적인 상태에서는 신경세포를 건강하게 유지하는 역할을 하는 단백질로 생각되어 왔다 (GTB2009030545). 이 이론은 아직도 증명되지 않은 상태에서 받아들여지고 있지만 연구자들은 이 미스터리한 질병의 새로운 면에 흥미로워 하고 있다. <BR><BR>프리온은 건강한 단백질인 PrP가 그 모양이 잘못 접히면서 발생하는 단백질로 그 결과는 치명적이다. 하지만 연구자들은 왜 이러한 현상이 일어나는가에 대한 해답을 내지 못하고 있다. 한가지 주장에 의하면 건강한 PrP가 정상적으로 세포의 표면에 자리를 잡고 있는가에 여부에 따른다고 주장한다. 프리온은 길을 잃고 세포에서 발견되는 액체인 세포질에 도달하게 되고 이 세포를 파괴하게 된다. 이번 새로운 연구는 이 이론을 강화하고 있다. 2003년에 발표된 논문에서 제기된 실마리에서 연구자들은 당시에 모호한 단백질인 마호구닌 (mahogunin)이라 불리는 단백질이 부족한 실험쥐는 프리온 질환과 유사한 신경퇴행성 질환에 걸린다고 보고했다 <HE, L. et al (2003) Science 299 (5607): 710-712>. 매릴랜드의 베데스다 (Bethesda)에 위치한 국립 어린이 건강 및 인간발달 연구소 (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development)의 세포 생물학자인 라마누얀 헤지 (Ramanujan Hedge)와 오이시 차크라바티 (Oishee Chakrabarti)는 이 마호구닌의 연관성을 좀더 알아보기 위한 연구를 수행했다. <BR><BR>이 연구팀은 인공합성을 통해 실제 프리온과 유사한 프리온 단백질이 마호구닌 단백질과 상호작용하는지 여부를 테스트하였다. 이들은 프리온이 거의 모든 것에 대해 접착력이 높기 때문에 충분한 증명을 할 수 없었다. 그래서 연구자들은 이 상호작용이 실제 살아있는 세포 안에서 마호구닌 단백질에 문제를 일으킬 수 있다는 점을 보여주었다: 즉, 인공합성프리온을 부가했을 때는 마호구닌의 수준이 감소되었지만 프리온이 세포질 (cytosol)에 들어가는 것을 멈추었을 때 마호구닌의 수준은 정상으로 남아 있었다. 그리고 프리온 질병을 일으키는 PrP 유전자의 돌연변이를 갖고 있는 실험쥐는 뇌의 일부분에서 마호구닌의 손실이 일어났다고 이 연구자들은 보고했다. <BR><BR>비록 마호구닌이 광우병과 같은 감염성 질환에서 어떤 역할을 한다는 증거는 없지만 유전질환의 경우에는 이 이론은 좀더 일관된 결과를 가져온다. 스위스의 쥬리히 대학의 신경병리학자인 아드리아노 아구치 (Adriano Aguzzi)는 이번 연구에서 사용한 실험쥐에서 나타나는 것과 매우 유사하다고 말했다. 캐나다의 뱅쿠버에 위치한 브리티시 컬럼비아대학 (University of British Columbia)의 신경과학자인 닐 캐시맨 (Neil Cashman)은 “언뜻 보면 이것은 그럴듯하다”고 말하면서 이 이론은 좀더 많은 테스트가 요구된다고 지적했다. 캐시만에 의하면 한 가지 문제는 마호구닌 메커니즘이 잘못된 세포신호를 일으키는 것과 같은 프리온 독성을 설명하는 다른 이론과 양립할 수 있는지 여부라고 지적했다 (GTB2007090077). 이번 연구의 저자들은 많은 문제가 해결되어야 한다는 점을 인정했다. 그 중 하나는 왜 마호구닌의 부족현상은 세포에 손상을 일으키는가의 문제이다. 헤지는 또한 프리온이 다른 입자의 세포를 감소시키는지 여부에 대해 연구를 하게 될 것이라고 밝혔다. <BR><BR>출처: <사이언스> 2009년 6월 11일 <BR>참고자료: Chakrabarti, O. &#038; R. Hedge (2009) ‘Functional depletion of mahogunin by cytosolically exposed prion protein contributes to neurodegeneration’ Cell 137 (6): 1136-1147 <BR></P></LI></DIV></p>
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		<title>[프리온질병] 라이오듀라(Lyodura)</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2011 12:01:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[iCJD]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lyodura]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[라이오듀라]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[의인성 CJD]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[라이오듀라(Lyodura)- 뇌 경막 이식수술에 사용한 제품으로 CJD를 감염시킨 것으로 보임.- 독일에 본사를 둔&#160; B. Braun Melsungen AG의 제품으로 1969년부터 출시.- 사체의 뇌 경막조직을 동결건조시켜 장기간 보관을 가능하게 했으며, [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><P>라이오듀라(Lyodura)<BR><BR>- 뇌 경막 이식수술에 사용한 제품으로 CJD를 감염시킨 것으로 보임.<BR>- 독일에 본사를 둔&nbsp; B. Braun Melsungen AG의 제품으로 1969년부터 출시.<BR>- 사체의 뇌 경막조직을 동결건조시켜 장기간 보관을 가능하게 했으며, 물에 몇 분만 적시면<BR>간편하게 사용할 수 있음.<BR>- 인간 사체를 부검한 후 뇌 경막을 수거. <BR>- CJD와 연관성 확인된 후 불법적인 방법으로 뇌 경막 조직을 수거한 사례 조사.<BR>- 제조사 측에서는 고열 소독 과정을 거친 후 조직을 냉동건조시키기 때문에 CJD감염 조직과 다른 조직의 교차오염의 가능성이 없다고 주장하고 있음.<BR>- 일본에서는 2009년 이후 뇌경막 수술에 의한 CJD 감염이 138건 보고됨.(시술환자 20만 이상인 것으로 알려짐)<BR>- 캐나다에서는 현재 사용이 금지됨.<BR>- 일본에서는 1997년 이후 사용이 금지됨. 2000년 조사결과 일본에서 뇌경막 수술을 받은 사람이 20만명에 이르는 것으로 밝혀짐. 유럽에서 사용금지된 재고품이 아시아지역에서 판매되어 사용되었을 것으로 추정됨.<BR>- 식약청 발표로는 한국에서는 1987년 이후 라이오듀라 제품이 사용된 바 없다고 함. 일본에서 1997년 사용금지 조치가 실시되었는데&#8230; 한국에서는 언제 사용금지 조치를 내렸는지 규명해야 함. 재고품의 사용여부도 확인해야 함.<BR>- 현재 국내에서 사용되고 있는 제품은 라이오플란트(Lyoplant) : 라이오듀라를 제조한 회사에서 출시한 새로운 상품으로 소의 심막을 원료로 만든 것임. 이 원료가 광우병에 감염되었을 경우 인간광우병에 감염될 우려가 있음. 식약청에서는 수입 통관 시 마다 전염성해면상뇌증 미감염증명서 제출을 의무화하고 있다고 밝히고 있음.<BR>(바이오플란트 제품 소개 : <A href="http://www.bbraun.com/cps/rde/xchg/bbraun-com/hs.xsl/products.html?prid=PRID00000805">http://www.bbraun.com/cps/rde/xchg/bbraun-com/hs.xsl/products.html?prid=PRID00000805</A>&nbsp;)<BR>- 라이오듀라 이식수술을 받은 환자 실태조사 및 역학조사, 라이오듀라 이식수술 환자 중 헌혈 사례 조사 및 이로부터 헌혈을 받은 사람들에 대한 역학조사, 라이오듀라 이식수술 환자가 수술 받은 병원에서 비슷한 시기 같은 수술도구로 수술을 받은 환자들에 대한 역사조사 등등<BR><BR>- 관련 문학작품 : <A class=bo href="http://www.aladin.co.kr/shop/wproduct.aspx?ISBN=8961090895">아름다운 13월의 미오카</A>&nbsp;<BR><SPAN class=gray_8e8e8e>이시다 이라 지음, 최선임 옮김 / 작품 / 2009년 4월</SPAN><BR><BR><BR><BR>라이오듀라(Lyodura)<BR><BR>Lyodura was a medical product used in neurosurgery that has been shown to transmit Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a degenerative neurological disorder that is presently incurable, from affected donor cadavers to surgical recipients. Lyodura was introduced in 1969 as a product of B. Braun Melsungen AG, a leading hospital supply company based in Germany.</P><br />
<P>The product was used as a quick and effective patch material for surgery on the brain. It was a section of freeze-dried tissue which could be stored for extended periods on hospital shelves and could be made ready for use simply by soaking it in water for a few minutes.</P><br />
<P>What was not known by the consumer was the origin of the source material, the efficacy of its processing methods, and the danger of its use.</P><br />
<P>The raw material for Lyodura was the dura mater of a human cadaver. The tissue would usually be harvested during an autopsy and then sold to the manufacturer. After neurological diseases were linked to use of Lyodura, an investigation determined that the manufacturer had obtained the donor tissue by black market methods. Autopsy staff would remove the tissue from cadavers, regardless of whether the deceased&#8217;s family had agreed to an autopsy or not, and sell it in quantity to representatives of the manufacturer. Due to this illegal method of collection, no record of patient history accompanied the tissue to production.</P><br />
<P>Large quantities of the harvested tissue would be mass sterilized in a heated vat. The tissue would then be freeze dried and packaged for purchase. The manufacturer believed that its sterilization procedure was sufficiently powerful to render any tissue harmless and was therefore unconcerned about cross-contamination from CJD-containing tissue to other tissue in the same sterilization vat. It is now believed that almost all Lyodura product was tainted with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease through this process.</P><br />
<P>An award-winning documentary was produced on the subject. CBC&#8217;s The Fifth Estate segment, Deadly Harvest, dealt with the product&#8217;s history, sale in Canada, and health effects worldwide. According to the documentary, there have been more than 70 CJD-related deaths in Japan since Lyodura&#8217;s distribution. The product has since been banned for use in Canada.<BR></P></p>
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