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[GMO] 아시아 국가들의 GMO동향 (미 농무부 해외농업처)

건강과대안 — Thu, 27 Jun 2013 16:24:01 +0000

미 농무부 해외농업처(USDA FAS) 보고서

아시아 국가들의 GMO동향(동, 동남, 남아시아편)

번역 : 농촌진흥청 2006년 12월

차 례
머리말 ················································································································· 1
명칭 및 용어 ····································································································· 5
제 부 동 동남 남아시아의 농업 1 , , 및 농업생명공학 현황과
국제 협력 활동 ··················································································· 7
제2부 동아시아편 ························································································ 25
제1장 한국 ··························································································· 27
제2장 일본 ··························································································· 43
제3장 중국 ··························································································· 75
제4장 홍콩 ··························································································· 95
제5장 대만 ························································································· 117
제3부 동남아시아편 ·················································································· 137
제1장 필리핀 ····················································································· 139
제2장 말레이시아 ············································································· 168
제3장 태국 ························································································· 179
제4장 싱가포르 ················································································· 192
제5장 인도네시아 ············································································· 202
제6장 베트남 ····················································································· 207
제7장 미얀마 ····················································································· 213
제4부 남아시아편 ······················································································ 223
제1장 인도 ························································································· 225
제2장 파키스탄 ················································································· 243
제3장 스리랑카 ················································································· 248
제4장 방글라데시 ············································································· 253

[의약품] 버락 오바마에게 보낸 태국 사회운동단체의 오픈 레터

건강과대안 — Wed, 21 Nov 2012 14:09:04 +0000

태국 사회운동단체가 오바마에게 보낸 항의레터.

오바마 행정부가 태국정부를 TPP 가입하도록 압력을 넣는 것에 반대하는 내용. 이번 재선에 제약회사들이 지난 선거 보다 훨씬더 많은 선거자금을 투자했다는 것에 대해 지적, 당신이 미 제약협회의 이익을 대변해서 태국의 의약품접근권을 가로막으려는 것에 항의한다는 내용임.

연명단체는 맨 아래 참고.

Open Letter to H.E. President of the United States of America, Barack Obama

Your Excellency,

Thai civil society groups welcome your visit to Thailand. We are aware that over the last 3-4 years, the United States has faced one of the most serious economic crises in its history. You have promised the people that you will right the wrongs of Wall Street and to pay attention to Main Street, and the 99%. More than 50 million Americans are not able to access health care. The United States is the only developed country in the world which does not have a national public health care system. We learn that you have made a commitment to extend access to health care through ObamaCare.

However, the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement you are pushing for, and inviting Thailand to join, will push us in the opposite direction. The TPP will push the people in the different countries within this Agreement towards the same destiny as those American people excluded from health care.

From the substance of the negotiations which have leaked out to the public, we have learned that the TPP agreement will:

help allow the pharmaceutical industry to push up the price of medicines both inside and outside the country, consolidate their monopolies, and gain profits for even longer periods. There is a pharmaceutical chapter, which restricts negotiation on the prices of medicines and dismantles efforts to regulate the appropriate use of medicines within the health care system;

increase the power of the giant transnational corporations in attempts to abolish a variety of national laws and public policies, which are there to protect public health from harmful products such as tobacco and alcohol, and to protect the environment and the resource base, through petitions to the International Arbiter;

undermine financial security through restricting the country’s right to use measures and policies on the movement of finance capital in order to maintain economic stability, as well as enforce laws related to consumer protection;

destroy the freedom of the internet by monitoring content and restricting the rights of the people, in the name of preventing copyright violation;

destroy the principles of transparency, through a veil of secrecy, failing to divulge the content and the impacts that will arise from the TPP Agreement, and authorizing business representatives to join in these negotiations.

We are fully aware that PhRMA and the giant pharmaceutical companies, including those who are able to find finance in Wall Street, were some of the major funders who helped support your electoral campaign. They gave more money to support you in your fight to be re-elected as president, than in the elections in 2008. This could mean you will have to break your promise to the American people by using their tax dollars to support these businesses and building an ObamaCare that will be a compromise with the pharmaceutical industry so that they can still make profits from it, while the American people get very little benefit.

But we will not let you use the lives of the people in our country as if we are life-jackets for the failed US economy, or as a reward for the financial power of these capital groups which allowed you to return to the White House for another 4 years, despite not being able to keep a single one of the promises which you gave to the people.

So we strongly urge you to keep your word to create employment for American people, without using the blood of people in other countries, regulate the many financial institutions and banks, put checks on their enormous power, control the pharmaceutical companies to behave ethically and only seek proportionate profits, build transparency, stop hiding information from the people, and most importantly, stop hitting your knees on the floor when corporations knock on your door.

(Assist.Prof.Sumlee Jaidee)

Chair Person of FTA Watch

FTA Watch

The Thai Network of People living with HIV/AIDS (TNP+)

Renal Failure Patient Group

Alternative Agricultural Network

Rural Pharmacists Foundation

Drug Study Group

Thai NGO Coalition on AIDS

Foundation for AIDS Rights

AIDS ACCESS Foundation

BioThai Foundation

Foundation for Consumers

Health and Development Foundation

Thai Holistic Health Foundation

Ecological Alert and Recovery – Thailand (EARTH)

Focus on the Global South

Coordinator: Mr.Jacques-chai Chomthongdi +66-84-805-0666

Mr.Chalermsak Kittitrakul +66-81-612-9551

[기업감시] 맥도날드 치킨에 대한 입맛 떨어지는 진실

건강과대안 — Mon, 17 May 2010 13:59:47 +0000

맥도날드 치킨에 대한 입맛떨어지는 진실이라는 폭로기사가 영국의 데일리 메일에 실렸습니다.
(맥도날드 외에도 KFC나 다른 패스트푸드 체인점도 비슷한 상황입니다.)

A4 용지 한 장 만한 조그마한 크기의 사육공간에서 공장식으로 사육되어 40일만에 도축되는 닭들… 그 중에서 5%는 스트레스로 사망하고… 살아남은 닭들도 공장식 도축방법에 의해서 털이 뽑히고 가공되는데… 소비자들은 결코 이러한 현실을 알아채지 못하고 있지요.

식품업계는 마치 닭들이 자연스러운 환경에서 건강하게 사육되는 것처럼 광고를 하지만… 진실은 이와 정반대라는 주장입니다. 식품업계는 소비자들의 무지를 이용해서 막대한 돈을 벌어들이고 있다는 말이지요.

영국의 패스트푸드 음식점에서 사용되는 닭은 연간 3천만 마리 정도인데 그 중 60%는 브라질에서 냉동육 형태로 수입되고, 30%는 네덜란드에서 수입되고, 9%는 태국에서 수입된다고 합니다.

Revealed: The very unappetising truth about McDonald’s chicken meals (Jamie Oliver, look away now)

By Tom Rawstorne

출처 : [데일리메일(영국)] Last updated at 2:02 PM on 15th May 2010
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1278495/The-unappetising-truth-McDonalds-chicken-meals.html?ITO=1490

A chicken squats in a shed the size of a football pitch somewhere in the outback of Brazil. And it’s not alone.

One of tens of thousands, each bird is allowed the floor space equivalent to a sheet of A4 paper and will live for just 40 days before it hits its genetically-engineered slaughter weight. That’s if it doesn’t perish along the way.

Five per cent or so will be unable to cope with the conditions and die even before then.

Those that survive will be plucked and butchered in an industrial process the like of which this planet has never before seen.

Every year billions of chickens will live and die in this way. Of course, South America is a long way away. But your local McDonald’s is not. And that is where a significant proportion of this intensively reared meat will eventually end up.

McChicken Sandwich: Much of McDonalds’ poultry comes from Brazil, where the animals live in cramped conditions

Of all the chicken churned out by the fast-food chain – the equivalent of 30 million birds a year – 60 per cent is imported frozen from Brazil. A further nine per cent comes from Thailand and 30 per cent from Holland

A quick bit of arithmetic reveals just how much of the chicken sold in the fast-food giant’s British restaurants is reared in this country: that’s right, just one per cent.

It’s a figure that’s never before been published, and it will surprise and disturb many. After all, in recent years McDonald’s has effectively relaunched itself as a chain that cares about the provenance of its food and its relationship with the nation’s farmers.

There have been television adverts featuring bucolic rural scenes, paper tray mats that introduce the customer to the chain’s suppliers and a website that boasts of lovingly nurtured, homegrown spuds.

The beef they use is sourced entirely from British and Irish farms, the eggs free-range, the milk organic and the coffee beans Rainforest Alliance-certified.

And, clearly, it is something that chimes with the public. During the past four years, McDonald’s UK had added £465million to its sales, while in 2009 there was a double-digit increase in like-for-like sales as customer visits rose year on year. In terms of growth, Britain is leading the way across McDonald’s international empire.

The chain’s ads boast of lovingly nurtured produce

Impressive stuff, and it’s not just the public who are reacting well. This month, the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver publicly gave his backing to the chain.

‘The quality of the beef, they only sell free-range eggs, they only sell organic milk, their ethics and recycling is being improved and improved,’ he said in an interview. ‘And I can’t even believe I’m telling you that McDonald’s UK has come a long way, but actually, it probably puts quite a lot of gastro-pubs to shame, the amount of work they’re doing in the back end.

‘Also, they’ve just had their best commercial year in four years, so they’re proving that being commercial and caring can work. Actually, it’s the future.’

But what – and it is a very big ‘what’ – about the chicken, the dish which one suspects many customers seeking a healthier option would generally go for? What aspect of these birds’ life cycle, of the impact their production has on the planet, could possibly be described as ‘caring’?

More to the point, is it something about which Jamie Oliver or the millions of customers who eat in McDonald’s every week are even aware?

A decade or two ago, people went to McDonald’s for one thing and one thing alone: a beefburger.

Today, a glance at the menu shows just how much the fast-food chain – and the nation’s tastes – has changed. Forget the Big Mac, it is chicken that is now equally big business.

On the menu there is the Chicken Legend burger, £2.99, the McChicken sandwich, £2.19, Chicken McNuggets, £2.19 for six, or £2.49 for nine, and Mayo Chicken, 99p. The toasted deli sandwiches include chicken and bacon, £2.99, chicken salad, £2.99, and sweet chilli chicken, £2.99. Then there are the salad options: crispy chicken and bacon, £3.29, and grilled chicken and bacon, £3.59.

Supportive: The TV chef Jamie Oliver has publicly given his backing to McDonalds

Finally, on the recently introduced Little Tasters menu, there is the chicken caesar snack wrap, £1.49, and the salsa snack wrap, £1.49.

The growth of this side of the McDonald’s menu is in no way accidental. The British perceive chicken as a healthy alternative to red meat and are eating ever-increasing amounts of it. Upping its presence on the McDonald’s menu was a ‘no-brainer’ that has been integral to the company’s success.

‘I suspect we are taking business from some of the chicken restaurants because we keep extending the number of chicken-based items on our menus,’ admitted Steve Easterbrook, chief executive of McDonald’s UK, as he explained the company’s success in the midst of a recession.

British-born Mr Easterbook has been praised for turning around the chain’s prospects in this country.

The company reached its nadir in 2002 when McDonald’s globally reported the first losses in its history. Here, things were especially bad.

Having been hit in the late 1990s by the outbreak of mad cow disease, public sentiment in Britain had also been turned against the chain by the long-running ‘McLibel’ trial, in which the firm spent £10million suing the activists Dave Morris and Helen Steel for what it said were defamatory claims made in leaflets the couple produced about McDonald’s.

Negativity among British consumers was further enhanced by Super Size Me, Morgan Spurlock’s 2004 film that documented the drastic effect an exclusively McDonald’s diet had on his physical and psychological well-being.

To counter this, Mr Easterbook set about introducing a more ‘local’ approach to the business, listening to what British customers wanted rather than imposing an Americanised formula.

This localist approach in part centred on responding to consumers’ concerns about the quality and the origins of the food sold. Ever since, McDonald’s marketing strategy has focused heavily on the restaurant’s use of home-reared beef, free-range eggs and organic milk.

Undeniably these have all been changes for the good, and Jamie Oliver’s comments have to be seen in that context.

Food firms capitalise on our ignorance

But having assumed the moral high ground, its customers will no doubt be all the more surprised to learn that when it comes to its ever-growing range of chicken products there has been no such transformation.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, it is something McDonald’s largely glosses over.

While its promotional literature makes great play of the fact that its beef is ‘sourced from over 16,000 British and Irish farms’, when it comes to chicken, the meat’s origin is left deliberately vague.

There is no mention on the company’s main website, nor in its restaurants, as to where it comes from – let alone the fact that so much of it is imported, frozen, from thousands of miles away.

‘The only meat we use across our entire chicken range is succulent chicken breast meat,’ its website states.

As for its suppliers, it says that they raise the chicken to high standards and that the meat can be traced back to the farm from which it originates. Wherever that may be.

Of course, McDonald’s is not alone in importing chicken from Brazil and Thailand, nor in using intensively reared chicken. Ninety-five per cent of the 850 million chickens bred for meat in this country are intensively reared, while similar quantities are imported from abroad. High Street chains that buy in frozen chicken from around the world include Pret A Manger, Subway and KFC.

But it’s the way in which McDonald’s has re-branded itself that opens it up to questions about the sourcing of its chicken.

Patrick Holden is director of the Soil Association, the body that certifies organic food in the UK.

‘I think people associate McDonald’s with having made an effort to make the beef better, and I think they assume that the chicken also mainly comes from UK farms and that it is probably free-range,’ he says. ‘We, the public, are ignorant, and it is our ignorance that the food companies are capitalising on. Until the public ask difficult questions, they can get away with it.

Golden Arches: McDonalds has relaunched itself as a chain that cares about the provenance of its food – but what about its chicken? (File picture)

‘It would be better for McDonald’s to source their chicken from the UK rather than Brazil and elsewhere. Then, after that, they have to go one step further and to source it free-range.

‘The inconvenient truth about chicken is that we have become addicted to cheap white meat and, in the long term, the addiction is completely unsustainable economically and in terms of land use.’

It is a point echoed by Kirtana Chandrasekaran, food campaigner for Friends of the Earth.

‘If you are selling a chicken burger for £1 or however much it is, then you have to understand that someone is paying for it either in environmental terms or farming terms; it is a case of buy cheap now, pay later.’

And McDonald’s makes no bones about the fact that the reason it buys chicken from abroad is because it is cheaper. ‘British consumers prefer to eat chicken breast meat, which is why now the only meat we use in our chicken menu items is chicken breast,’ said a spokeswoman.

‘This consumer demand means that chicken breast meat commands a premium price in the UK compared to some European countries and other parts of the world.

‘As far as we are aware, current UK demand for chicken breast meat outstrips domestic supply. Therefore, in order for us to meet our customer demands for quality and price, we now source the vast majority of our chicken from abroad.’

But McDonald’s insists that even though the meat is imported, the chickens are raised in a way that equals or exceeds the welfare standards required for intensively reared chickens in the UK.

In practical terms, this means that the maximum stocking density cannot exceed 38kg per square metre – the equivalent of somewhere between 15 and 18 chickens. They also insist that the flocks are physically inspected several times a day and that sick or dead birds are immediately removed.

Of course, such strictures will be seen as mere window- dressing by those who believe that chickens should be bred in a less intensive way.

It is a case of buy cheap now, pay later

Beyond those arguments, there are other issues specific to the importation of chicken meat from abroad, particularly Brazil.

One of the world’s agricultural super-powers, the South American nation became the largest exporter of chicken meat in 2004. By 2020, industry officials hope Brazilian exports will represent around 50 per cent of the total world market.

According to the Brazilian Chicken Producers and Exporters Association (ABEF) 3.63 million tons of chicken meat from some five billion chickens were exported in 2009.

Sourcing chicken from there is cheaper for British companies than using UK meat because production costs are lower. Wages for workers are typically 700 reais a month – that is about £250 a month or £3,000 a year.

Human rights activists and union leaders complain of poor working conditions within the industry, claiming that thousands of workers are made to perform repetitive tasks such as stripping chickens while in temperatures of around 10C (50F).

Equally important in keeping costs down is the availability and price of the soy and corn on which the chickens are raised. Environmentalists warn that food that could be used to feed people is instead being diverted into the production of chicken destined for restaurant plates in richer, developed countries.

It has also been alleged that the deforestation of the Amazon has intensified because of the need to grow more crops to feed more chickens.

Last night, asked by the Mail to explain the differences between its sourcing policies for beef and chicken, a McDonald’s spokeswoman insisted that the decision to buy the vast majority of its chicken from overseas ‘was so that we could keep offering our customers great value without compromising on quality’.

Ironically enough, Jamie Oliver has been a vocal critic of the intensive rearing of chickens.

Two years ago, in his Channel 4 show Jamie’s Fowl Dinners, he branded the practice as ‘morally wrong’ and called for the public to switch to birds that enjoy a better standard of life.

All of which makes you wonder whether – when he discovers the truth about where McDonald’s chicken comes from – he will be quite so effusive in his praise for the company’s ‘healthy’ new image.