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	<title>건강과 대안 &#187; 질병</title>
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	<description>연구공동체</description>
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		<title>[식습관] (채식 vs 육식)  vs (잡식+소식)</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3779</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 04 Mar 2013 11:26:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[건강]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[과식]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[노화]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[소식]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[수명]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식습관]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[육식]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[잡식]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[장수]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[질병]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[채식]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3779</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[고려대 생명공학부 이철구 교수 주장 “가장 유력한 수명 연장 방법은 소식” 우먼센스 &#124; 입력 2013.01.28 09:16http://media.daum.net/culture/life/newsview?newsid=20130128091607038영원히 살고 싶은 사람의 욕망은 수천 년 인류의 역사와 맞닿아 있다. 과연 시간의 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><H3 class=tit_subject>고려대 생명공학부 이철구 교수 주장 “가장 유력한 수명 연장 방법은 소식”</H3><br />
<P><SPAN class=tit_subtit></SPAN><SPAN class=info_data><SPAN class=data><FONT color=#999999 size=2>우먼센스</FONT></SPAN> <SPAN class=txt_bar><FONT color=#d2d2d2 size=2>|</FONT></SPAN> <SPAN class=data><FONT color=#999999 size=2>입력</FONT></SPAN> <SPAN class="num ff_tahoma"><FONT color=#999999 size=2>2013.01.28 09:16</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><BR><FONT color=#999999 size=2><A href="http://media.daum.net/culture/life/newsview?newsid=20130128091607038">http://media.daum.net/culture/life/newsview?newsid=20130128091607038</A></FONT><BR><BR>영원히 살고 싶은 사람의 욕망은 수천 년 인류의 역사와 맞닿아 있다. 과연 시간의 흐름을 거슬러 노화를 막고 젊음을 유지하는 것이 가능할까? 우리가 알고 있는 수많은 &#8216;젊어지는 방법&#8217;은 얼마나 효과가 있는 것일까?<BR><BR>이철구 교수가 이 질문에 대한 답을 내놓았다.<BR><BR><STRONG>◆ <A class=keyword title="검색하기" href="http://search.daum.net/search?w=tot&#038;rtupcoll=NNS&#038;q=%ED%83%9C%EB%B0%98%20%EC%A3%BC%EC%82%AC&#038;nil_profile=newskwd&#038;nil_id=v20130128091607038" target=new><FONT color=#0b09cb>태반 주사</FONT></A>, 회춘 주사… 아무 소용 없다</STRONG><BR><BR>&#8216;사람은 결국엔 늙고, 죽는다.&#8217; 누구도 거부할 수 없는 자연의 섭리다. 하지만 사람들은 대부분 늙기를 거부한다. 죽음 앞에서는 처절하게 살고 싶어 한다. 인류가 이룬 눈부신 의학의 발전은 사실 &#8216;죽음을 최대한 늦추기 위한&#8217; 투쟁이었다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 수많은 사람이 바라는 생명 연장의 꿈. 과연 가능한 얘기일까?<BR><BR></P><br />
<DIV class=image style="WIDTH: 560px" sizcache="2" sizset="0"><br />
<P class=img sizcache="2" sizset="0"><IMG height=500 alt="" src="http://i2.media.daumcdn.net/photo-media/201301/28/womansense/20130128091607236.jpg" width=560></P></DIV><br />
<P><A class=keyword title="검색하기" href="http://search.daum.net/search?w=tot&#038;rtupcoll=NNS&#038;q=%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EB%8C%80&#038;nil_profile=newskwd&#038;nil_id=v20130128091607038" target=new><FONT color=#0b09cb>고려대</FONT></A> 생명공학부 이철구 교수는 20년 넘게 노화생물학을 연구하고 있다. 1999년 미국 위스콘신대학에서 박사과정을 밟던 중 생쥐를 대상으로 한 &#8216;칼로리 제한 실험 논문&#8217;으로 미국 노화생물학계에 큰 반향을 일으킨 주인공이기도 하다.<BR><BR>&#8220;노화생물학은 노화의 기전을 연구하는 학문이라고 보면 돼요. 노화의 원인이 무엇이고, 어떻게 진행되는지 알면 노화를 늦추는 방법을 찾을 수 있죠. 보통 노화와 질병을 하나로 혼동하는 사람이 있는데, 둘은 밀접한 관련은 있지만 똑같은 연구 분야는 아니에요. 한쪽의 연구 성과가 뚜렷하게 나타나면 다른 한쪽에도 큰 영향을 끼칠 수는 있죠. 이 때문에 노화생물학과 의학도 엄연히 차이가 있어요. 가장 큰 차이는 <A class=keyword title="검색하기" href="http://search.daum.net/search?w=tot&#038;rtupcoll=NNS&#038;q=%EC%9D%B8%EC%B2%B4%20%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98&#038;nil_profile=newskwd&#038;nil_id=v20130128091607038" target=new><FONT color=#0b09cb>인체 실험</FONT></A>, 즉 사람을 대상으로 실험을 할 수 있느냐 없느냐의 차이죠. 의학은 사람의 신체를 다루지만 저희는 관찰하는 것 외에는 없거든요. 전 세계적으로 노화의 원인을 찾기 위해 많은 노화생물학자들이 연구 중이에요.&#8221;<BR><BR>세계적으로 노화 연구가 본격적으로 시작된 것은 50년 남짓 되었다고 한다. 우리는 나이가 들고 늙는 것을 자연스러운 현상으로 받아들이면서도 &#8216;젊어지는 방법&#8217;이라고 하면 물불 안 가리는 사람들을 흔히 볼 수 있다. 채식, 운동, 소식, 각종 음식과 <A class=keyword title="검색하기" href="http://search.daum.net/search?w=tot&#038;rtupcoll=NNS&#038;q=%EA%B1%B4%EA%B0%95%EB%B3%B4%EC%A1%B0%EC%8B%9D%ED%92%88&#038;nil_profile=newskwd&#038;nil_id=v20130128091607038" target=new><FONT color=#0b09cb>건강보조식품</FONT></A>, 시술법 등 &#8216;좀 더 젊게 사는 방법&#8217;은 이미 숱하게 나와 있다. 그런데 이것들은 노화 예방과 방지에 얼마나 효과가 있을까?<BR><BR>&#8220;안타깝지만 현재로서는 수많은 노화 원인 중에 1%도 정확히 알아낸 것이 없어요. 그러니 흔히 &#8216;젊어지는 법&#8217;이라고 알려진 것 중에 어느 하나가 특별히 효과가 있다고 단정하긴 어렵죠. 저희가 몸에 좋다는 물질은 거의 대부분 연구해봤어요. 자가 면역 기능이 있다는 홍삼의 <A class=keyword title="검색하기" href="http://search.daum.net/search?w=tot&#038;rtupcoll=NNS&#038;q=%EC%A7%84%EC%84%B8%EB%85%B8%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C&#038;nil_profile=newskwd&#038;nil_id=v20130128091607038" target=new><FONT color=#0b09cb>진세노사이드</FONT></A> 등 안 해본 것이 거의 없을 정도인데 노화 방지, 혹은 생명 연장에 특별히 효과를 보인 것은 아직까지 없어요.&#8221;<BR><BR>단순히 &#8216;주름을 없애는 법&#8217;이 노화 연구는 아니라는 의미다. 사람의 몸은 1조개 이상의 세포로 구성돼 있는데, 이 세포 하나하나는 매일 변형되고 노화한다. 똑같은 유전물질을 나눠 가진 <A class=keyword title="검색하기" href="http://search.daum.net/search?w=tot&#038;rtupcoll=NNS&#038;q=%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%80%EC%84%B1%20%EC%8C%8D%EC%83%9D%EC%95%84&#038;nil_profile=newskwd&#038;nil_id=v20130128091607038" target=new><FONT color=#0b09cb>일란성 쌍생아</FONT></A>도 세포분열을 하고 사람이 되기까지 변이가 생긴다. 이 세포분열 과정 중에 우리가 흔히 &#8216;늙는다&#8217;고 말하는 신체 변화가 발생한다. 또 흔한 질병인 암과 정신질환(치매), 파킨슨병 등 수많은 병이 노화 과정에서 발생한다.<BR><BR>&#8220;어떤 질병은 어느 정도까지 부수적으로 치료하거나 예방할 수는 있어요. 초기 암 진단을 통해 암세포 부위를 신체에서 제거하는 수술이 대표적인 예죠. 하지만 항암 치료로 암을 완벽히 치료했다는 얘기는 아직 들어본 적이 없잖아요.&#8221;<BR><BR>미국의 닉슨 대통령은 이미 40년 전 &#8216;암과의 전쟁&#8217;을 선포하면서 막대한 재원을 암 연구에 쏟아 부었다. 하지만 암세포를 절제한 것 외에 &#8216;암을 완치했다&#8217;는 결과를 얻기까지는 아직 요원한 일이다.<BR><BR>&#8220;암도 일종의 세포 변형이라고 한다면, 노화 예방과 수명 연장은 건강한 삶을 위한 모든 요소와 얽혀 있는 문제예요. 노화의 원인이라고 볼 수 있는 요소를 보면, 우선 DNA 손상이 있어요. 살면서 유전물질을 사용하다 보면 어쩔 수 없이 손상이 오고, 이 손상이 축적되면 기능이 떨어져요. 그럼 신체 기능이 저하되는 거죠. 또 활성산소도 DNA를 손상하는 요인입니다. 활성산소는 독을 먹는다고 생기는 것이 아니에요. 체내에서 본질적으로 생기는 거예요. 체내 세포가 에너지를 만드는 과정 중에서 부수적으로 어쩔 수 없이 나오는 거죠. 이게 손상을 일으키는 요인으로 작용하는 거예요. 근본적으로 노화를 피할 수 없다는 의미이기도 하죠.&#8221;<BR><BR></P><br />
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<P><STRONG>◆ 음식의 퀄리티보다 양이 중요</STRONG><BR><BR>&#8216;노화의 역설&#8217;을 보여주는 흥미로운 사례도 있다. 지난해 8월 과학저널 < 네이처 > 에는 &#8216;TA-65&#8242;라는 건강보조식품을 파는 회사의 법정 소송 사례가 실렸다. &#8216;TA&#8217;는 &#8216;텔로머레이스 활성화(Telomerase Activation)&#8217;의 약자로, 염색체에 있는 <A class=keyword title="검색하기" href="http://search.daum.net/search?w=tot&#038;rtupcoll=NNS&#038;q=%ED%85%94%EB%A1%9C%EB%AF%B8%EC%96%B4&#038;nil_profile=newskwd&#038;nil_id=v20130128091607038" target=new><FONT color=#0b09cb>텔로미어</FONT></A>를 복구하는 효소다. <A class=keyword title="검색하기" href="http://search.daum.net/search?w=tot&#038;rtupcoll=NNS&#038;q=%EB%B3%B4%ED%86%B5%20%EC%97%BC%EC%83%89%EC%B2%B4&#038;nil_profile=newskwd&#038;nil_id=v20130128091607038" target=new><FONT color=#0b09cb>보통 염색체</FONT></A>의 텔로미어가 짧아질수록 세포는 노화하고, 텔로미어가 사라지면 세포도 사멸한다. 따라서 텔로머레이스를 복용하면 끊임없이 텔로미어를 복구함으로써 텔로미어가 짧아지지 않으므로 세포 노화를 막을 수 있다는 원리다. 하지만 신체 조직이나 장기의 세포를 계속 살게 한다면 결국 이 세포는 &#8216;암세포&#8217;가 될 확률이 높다. 종양세포나 암세포는 텔로미어가 짧아지지 않기 때문이다. 암세포는 결코 스스로 죽지 않는다. 이런 논리로 따지면 사람은 늙어서 죽거나 병들어 죽거나, 어찌 됐든 &#8216;죽는다&#8217;는 결론은 바뀌지 않는다.<BR><BR>세포 노화를 일으키는 요소는 무수히 많이 밝혀졌다. 이 교수도 &#8220;수명을 짧게 하는 것은 너무 쉽다. 열을 가하거나 세포를 망가뜨리는 유해 성분을 주는 등 방법이 무수히 많기 때문이다&#8221;라고 말한다. 그래서 노화 연구의 가장 큰 포인트는 &#8216;(세포의) 수명을 늘리는 것&#8217;이다. &#8220;세포가 받는 <A class=keyword title="검색하기" href="http://search.daum.net/search?w=tot&#038;rtupcoll=NNS&#038;q=%EB%8D%B0%EB%AF%B8%EC%A7%80&#038;nil_profile=newskwd&#038;nil_id=v20130128091607038" target=new><FONT color=#0b09cb>데미지</FONT></A>는 개개인이 어떤 과정으로 살아왔느냐에 따라 크게 영향을 받습니다. 무엇을 먹고, 어떤 환경에 노출되었는지, 어떤 생활 습관을 가졌는지 등이 여기에 포함되죠. 일란성 쌍둥이는 DNA가 99% 일치하지만, 나머지 1%는 이런 환경적 요인에서 차이가 나는 겁니다. 부모에게 물려받은 유전물질이 수명에 영향을 끼치는지에 대해서도 활발히 연구하고 있어요. 소위 &#8216;장수 유전자&#8217;라고 하죠. 아직 뚜렷한 결과가 나온 것은 없지만요.(웃음)&#8221;<BR><BR>노화를 피하는 방법으로 무수한 &#8216;설&#8217;이 난무하는 것도 이 때문이다. 좋은 화장품이나 각종 의약품과 식품에 포함된 몸에 좋다는 성분들, 한때 유행처럼 번진 <A class=keyword title="검색하기" href="http://search.daum.net/search?w=tot&#038;rtupcoll=NNS&#038;q=%EB%A7%88%EB%8A%98%20%EC%A3%BC%EC%82%AC&#038;nil_profile=newskwd&#038;nil_id=v20130128091607038" target=new><FONT color=#0b09cb>마늘 주사</FONT></A>, 태반 주사, 심지어 정력을 개선한다는 회춘 주사까지, 노화생물학의 관점에서 보면 이 중 어느 하나도 뚜렷한 효과를 보인 것은 없다. 실제로 &#8216;장수 유전자&#8217;가 존재하는지에 대한 연구가 활발한데, 가장 대표적인 것이 &#8216;난쟁이 생쥐&#8217; 연구이다. 다른 생쥐에 비해 성장호르몬이 적게 분비돼 크기가 작은 생쥐가 일반적으로 오래 산다는 연구 결과가 있다는 것. 하지만 이것도 일부 연구에서는 &#8216;근거 없음&#8217;으로 결론이 나기도 했다. 그렇다면 &#8216;노화&#8217;를 더디게 할 수 있는 과학적인 방법은 전혀 없는 것일까?<BR><BR>&#8220;지금까지 나온 연구 결과로 봤을 때, &#8216;노화&#8217;에 가장 뚜렷한 효과를 보인 방법은 &#8216;소식&#8217;밖에 없어요. 세포가 손상되는 가장 큰 외부적인 요인 두 가지가 식습관과 스트레스입니다. 식습관에 대한 연구는 크게 섭취하는 칼로리 자체를 낮추는 &#8216;칼로리 제한(CR: Caloric-Restriction)&#8217; 실험과 음식의 종류도 제한하는 &#8216;다이어터리(Dietary)&#8217; 연구로 나눌 수 있어요. 이 중 현재까지 가장 유력한 수명 연장의 방법은 &#8216;칼로리 제한&#8217;이에요. 거의 대부분의 모델에서 일관성 있게 효과를 보인 연구가 아직까지는 소식 말고는 없어요.&#8221;<BR><BR>&#8216;다이어터리&#8217;는 에너지의 절대량을 포함해서 음식의 퀄리티를 중요하게 여긴다. 물론 알려진 것처럼 육식보다 채식이 좋다고 하더라도 채식 자체가 수명 연장에 크게 영향을 끼치지는 않는다고 한다. 하지만 섭취하는 음식의 종류와 상관없이 절대적인 양을 줄이면 노화를 늦출 수 있다는 연구 결과는 많다.<BR><BR>&#8220;제가 진행한 &#8216;칼로리 제한 실험&#8217;은 생쥐를 표본으로 했는데, 두 마리는 먹고 싶은 대로 마음껏 먹이고, 두 마리는 칼로리를 제한해서 먹였어요. 보통 생쥐의 수명이 3년 정도인데, 마음껏 먹은 생쥐 두 마리는 3년 뒤 털도 고르지 않고, 외형상으로도 늙은 것이 확연히 드러나지만 칼로리를 제한한 생쥐 두 마리는 털의 윤기나 몸의 형태 자체가 건강해 보이죠. 이 두 마리는 1년 정도 더 살았어요. 이 외에도 &#8216;소식&#8217;이 수명과 연관이 있다는 연구 결과는 많습니다. 이런 결과가 인체에도 완벽히 적용되는지 모르겠지만, 지금으로서는 가장 확실한 방법이죠. 음식의 종류보다는 칼로리 섭취 자체를 줄여야 합니다. 소식은 노화 과정을 더디게 해요.&#8221;<BR><BR></P><br />
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<P><STRONG>◆ 식습관과 스트레스 관리가 건강 좌우</STRONG><BR><BR>물론 &#8216;우리 몸에 필수적인 영양소는 섭취한다&#8217;는 기본적인 전제는 필요하다. 필수 영양소를 섭취하지 않으면 이로 인해 발생하는 질병이 있기 때문이다. &#8216;소식&#8217;으로 노화 예방 효과를 볼 수 있는 경우는 현재 질병이 없는 건강한 사람들이다. 이 교수는 &#8220;현재 건강하고 다양한 음식을 즐기는 사람이라면 먹는 양 중 일정량을 포기하라&#8221;고 말한다.<BR><BR>&#8220;소식은 암이나 정신질환 예방에도 효과가 있어요. 하지만 무엇이든 100%는 없습니다. 발생 시기나 빈도를 봤을 때 소식이 낫다는 것이죠. 보통 건강한 삶을 얘기할 때 식이요법과 운동을 권하는데, 운동은 좋은 측면이 분명 있지요. 하지만 운동이 수명에 영향을 주는지에 대해서는 아직 답이 없습니다. 여성들이 좋은 피부를 갖기 위해 주사를 맞거나 마사지를 받아도 그건 순간적인 착시일 뿐, 세포 자체의 노화를 막는 방법은 아니에요.&#8221;<BR><BR>소식 외에 그가 꼽는 가장 중요한 건강법은 다름 아닌 &#8216;규칙적인 생활&#8217;이다. 생활 자체에 규칙성을 만드는 것이 중요하다. 일정한 양의 수면과 일어나는 시간, 잠드는 시간을 규칙적으로 맞추는 것이다. 또 먹는 시간도 되도록 일정하게 유지한다.<BR><BR>&#8220;쉽지 않지만, 노력 여하에 달렸죠. 돈 드는 일이 아니잖아요. 처음 자리 잡힐 때까지 조금 힘들더라도 가능한 한 같은 시간에 자고, 일어나려는 노력을 하고 밖에서 일하더라도 식사 시간을 맞추려고 노력해보세요. 동시에 평소 먹는 양에서 일정 부분을 덜어내는 연습을 하다 보면 웬만한 &#8216;회춘 주사&#8217;보다 훨씬 효능이 좋다는 걸 알 수 있을 거예요.(웃음)&#8221;<BR><BR>하지만 무엇보다 중요한 것은 노화와 죽음을 받아들이는 우리의 자세다. 사람들이 늙는 것을 그토록 거부하는 이유도 노년에 대한 부정적인 인식 때문이다. 늙는 것을 &#8216;안 좋은 것&#8217;으로 받아들이니 무슨 수를 써서라도 노화를 막으려고 한다는 것. 이런 면에서 보면 노화생물학은 어쩌면 &#8216;죽음의 철학&#8217;과도 깊게 닿아 있다.<BR><BR>&#8220;많이 고민해야 하는 문제라고 생각해요. 우리 삶 자체가 시작과 끝이 있는 과정이라고 받아들여야 돼요. 그리고 매 과정마다 긍정적으로 대처하는 것이 중요하죠. 단계를 거쳐가는 거죠. 아주 먼 미래에는 노화의 시계를 거꾸로 되돌릴 수 있는 혁신적인 방법이 나올까요? 저는 거의 불가능하다고 생각해요. 가능하다 하더라도 아주아주 먼 미래겠죠. 생명공학 분야는 과학이면서도 어떤 학자들은 &#8216;신의 영역&#8217;이라고도 말해요. 인체의 복잡 미묘한 기전 중에 우리가 정확히 알고 있는 것은 거의 없거든요.&#8221;<BR><BR>수명 연장의 꿈은 인간의 본능이다. 지구 상의 모든 생명체 중에서 &#8216;영원한 삶&#8217;을 바라는 존재 또한 인간이 유일하다. &#8220;인간은 자신의 수명이 유한하다고 인식하기 때문에 주어진 시간을 현명하게 쓰려고 한다&#8221;라고 말했다. 젊게 살되, 노화는 부정하지 않는 자세가 필요하다.<BR><BR>&#8220;많지는 않지만 드물게 &#8216;행복한 노년&#8217;을 보내는 분들을 봅니다. 오랫동안 노화생물학을 연구하다 보니, &#8216;더 젊어지는 방법&#8217;을 찾기보다 &#8216;노년을 행복하게 바라보고 받아들일 수 있는&#8217; 겸허함을 배운 것 같아요. 지금은 알 수 없는, 또 다른 행복이 있을 거라고 생각해요. 할아버지가 됐을 때 나는 세상에서 어떤 즐거움을 찾을까, 고민해보는 것도 생각보다 괜찮더라고요.(웃음)&#8221;<BR><BR>　<BR><BR>　<BR><BR>취재:김은향 기자 | 사진:안호성<BR>==================<BR><BR>‘채식’이 건강 대명사? 몸과 마음 망치는 주범!<BR><BR>세계일보 입력 2013.02.22 21:00:44, 수정 2013.02.22 21:00:44<BR><A href="http://www.segye.com/Articles/NEWS/CULTURE/Article.asp?aid=20130222023223&#038;subctg1=&#038;subctg2=&#038;OutUrl=daum">http://www.segye.com/Articles/NEWS/CULTURE/Article.asp?aid=20130222023223&#038;subctg1=&#038;subctg2=&#038;OutUrl=daum</A><BR><BR>“채식주의자가 먹는 식물도 생명체<BR>식단은 전분과 당 많아 장에 과부하”<BR>무조건 채식 신봉 현대인에 ‘경종’<BR>&nbsp;<BR>리어 키스 지음/김희정 옮김/부키/1만5000원 <BR>채식의 배신/리어 키스 지음/김희정 옮김/부키/1만5000원</P><br />
<P>미국의 재림교 신자와 모르몬교 신자는 모두 술·담배와 각종 불량식품을 피한다. 그러나 재림교 신자는 채식을 하고, 모르몬교 신자는 고기를 먹는다. 두 집단 중 어느 쪽이 더 오래 살까. 모르몬교 신자다. 미국 국립보건원(NIH) 지원으로 7년에 걸쳐 1만2000명의 남성을 대상으로 진행된 실험에서 저지방·저콜레스테롤 식사를 한 집단보다 원하는 대로 먹도록 놔둔 사람들 중에서 사망자가 적게 나왔다.</P><br />
<P>미국의 급진적 환경 운동가이자 페미니스트인 리어 키스가 ‘채식의 배신’에서 채식이 건강과 정의의 대명사라는 통념을 반박하며 제시한 예시들이다. 그는 20년간 우유도 먹지 않는 극단적 채식주의자인 비건(vegan) 생활을 했다. 그러다 자신이 종교처럼 신봉했던 채식주의가 실제로는 자신의 몸과 마음을 피폐하게 한 주범이라는 사실을 뒤늦게 깨닫고 잡식으로 돌아섰다. 그러자마자 우울증이 씻은 듯이 사라지고 건강을 되찾았다.</P><br />
<P>저자는 도덕적·정치적·영양학적 관점에서 채식주의의 문제점을 지적한다. </P><br />
<P>채식이 ‘먹고 먹히는’ 생태계 순환고리를 무시하고 있으며, 채식주의자들이 먹는 식물도 동물과 마찬가지로 생명체라는 게 그의 설명. 또 채식주의자들의 그토록 중시하는 곡물의 재배를 위해 목초지가 사라지는 등 생태계가 파괴되고 있다고 꼬집는다. 육류와 마찬가지로 곡물을 생산하는 데도 화석연료가 쓰인다는 점도 지적한다.</P><br />
<P>영양학적으로도 곡물에 기초한 식단에는 전분과 당이 많아 장에 과부하가 걸리고, 지방과 콜레스테롤은 인체에 꼭 필요한 물질이라고 설명한다. 20세기 들어 포화지방 섭취가 늘어나며 심장질환이 늘어났다는 주장도 근거가 박약하다는 게 그의 주장. 심장의학과가 처음 생긴 1918년 이후 ‘심장병 증상’이 아닌 ‘심장병 진단’이 크게 늘었고, 심장병이 발병할 정도로 평균수명이 늘어난 만큼 허수가 많다는 것이다.</P><br />
<P>무조건 채식 유행을 따르려는 사람들에게 경종을 울린다는 점에서는 유용해 보이는 책이다. 그러나 ‘채식의 맹점’이 ‘육식의 장점’으로 항상 등치되기는 어렵다는 점에서 기존의 뜨거운 논쟁을 더욱 부채질할 공산이 커보인다.</P><br />
<P>박창억 기자 <BR><BR><BR>===================<BR><BR>&#8220;채식은 편식이 아닌 지구촌 환경 살리기&#8221;</P><br />
<P>2012-06-04 10:31 | <BR>데일리노컷뉴스 백주희 기자<BR><BR><A href="http://www.nocutnews.co.kr/Show.asp?IDX=2160410">http://www.nocutnews.co.kr/Show.asp?IDX=2160410</A></P><br />
<P>우리나라는 다른 나라에 비해 채식인의 비율이 현저히 낮다.</P><br />
<P>나라별로 채식의 기준에 차이가 있지만 대략 미국 5~7%, 영국 10~12%, 대만 20~25%, 인도 50% 이상인데 비해 우리나라는 고작 1% 내외로 추정하고 있다.</P><br />
<P>그러나 최근 들어 &#8216;채식 열풍&#8217;이라고 할 만큼 사회적 관심이 높아졌다.</P><br />
<P>가축의 대량생산으로 인한 광우병 사태 등이 불거지면서 건강한 먹을거리에 대한 관심이 확산되고 있는 것이다.</P><br />
<P>여기에다 이효리나 김효진, 이하늬 등 연예인들이 잇따라 채식을 선언하면서 대중화 바람에 불을 지폈다.</P><br />
<P>이원복 한국채식연합 대표도 달라진 분위기를 실감한다고 말했다.</P><br />
<P>이 대표는 &#8220;연예인들이 채식에 동참하면서 채식인이 급격히 늘었다&#8221;면서 &#8220;특히 가수 이효리 씨가 채식을 선언함으로써 채식의 대중화에 기여했다&#8221;고 평가했다.</P><br />
<P>갈길은 아직도 멀다.</P><br />
<P>채식을 하면서 사회로부터 보이지 않는 폭력을 경험한다는 이 대표는 우리나라가 채식인에 대한 배려가 부족하다고 지적한다.</P><br />
<P>회식으로 무조건 고기를 먹는다거나 채식을 편식이라고 생각하는 분위기 때문에 채식인이 사회로부터 소외당하기 쉽다는 말이다.</P><br />
<P>그런데도 굳이 채식을 고집하는 이유가 뭘까? 지난달 22일 서울 강남에 위치한 채식부페 &#8216;가로비&#8217;에서 만난 이 대표는 &#8220;채식은 단순한 식습관이 아니라 자신의 원칙이자 신념, 철학&#8221;이라고 설명했다.</P><br />
<P>- 채식을 시작하게 된 계기는? </P><br />
<P>▲동물학대에 관심을 가지면서 채식을 결심했고 30여 년간 이어오고 있다.</P><br />
<P>채식의 뿌리는 타인에 대한 이해와 생명존중, 환경보호와 맞닿아 있다.</P><br />
<P>우리가 먹는 음식이 자연의 동식물로부터 나오기 때문이다.</P><br />
<P>한 환경재단에 따르면 약 50%의 온실가스가 축산업에서 발생한다고 한다.</P><br />
<P>인간이 먹을 고기를 생산하느라 동물이 학대를 당하고 환경이 오염되는 식이다.</P><br />
<P>또 전세계 곡물의 3분의 1가량이 가축의 사료로 쓰이고 있다.</P><br />
<P>한편에서는 기아가 발생하는데 가축에게 곡물이 돌아가는 배분구조의 불균형을 바로잡아야 한다고 생각했다.</P><br />
<P>- 한국채식연합은 어떤 활동을 하고 있나. </P><br />
<P>▲한국채식연합은 서울시에 등록된 NGO(비정부기구) 단체로 2만 여 회원을 보유하고 있다.</P><br />
<P>2000년 다음 카페에서 출발해 2005년 채식연합을 설립했으며, 이후 서울시 NGO로 등록했다.</P><br />
<P>최근에는 광우병의 우려로 미국산 쇠고기 수입 중단을 요구하는 집회에 참여했고 패스트푸드점에 &#8216;베지버거(채식버거)&#8217;를 만들어 달라는 피켓시위를 펼쳤다.</P><br />
<P>매주 주말에는 전단지 배포 등 채식 홍보 활동과 회원 간 정기 모임을 갖는다.</P><br />
<P>홈 페이지를 통해 채식과 관련된 사회적 화두나 영양 정보, 요리법 등 다양한 정보를 제공하고 있다.</P><br />
<P>- 연예인들이 채식에 동참하면서 나타나는 효과는? </P><br />
<P>▲연예인과 같은 유명인의 채식 선언은 대중에게 미치는 영향력이 크다.</P><br />
<P>우리나라는 채식에 대한 부정적인 시선이 많은데 연예인들이 동참하면서 긍정적인 분위기를 형성하고 있다.</P><br />
<P>특히 가수 이효리 씨가 채식을 선언함으로써 채식의 대중화에 기여했다.</P><br />
<P>이같은 추세에 따라 최근 채식인이 급격이 늘어나고 있어 고무적이다.</P><br />
<P>- 채식인도 먹는 음식에 따라 다양한 갈래인데…. </P><br />
<P>▲그렇다. 나처럼 우유나 계란 등 동물성 단백질을 일체 먹지 않는 &#8216;비건(vegan)&#8217;, 우유나 계란은 먹는 &#8216;락토(lacto)&#8217;, 생선까지는 먹는 &#8216;페스코(pesco)&#8217; 등이 있다.</P><br />
<P>나는 처음부터 모든 동물성 단백질을 먹지 않는 완전채식을 시도했지만 그것이 어렵다면 단계적 채식도 괜찮다.</P><br />
<P>- 채식하면 영양소가 부족하지 않을까? </P><br />
<P>▲채식으로 영양소를 골고루 섭취하지 못한다는 것은 오해다.</P><br />
<P>우리가 섭취해야 할 것은 &#8216;영양소&#8217;이지 &#8216;음식&#8217;이 아니다.</P><br />
<P>육식에서 섭취할 수 있는 영양소는 얼마든지 채식으로 대체가 가능하다.</P><br />
<P>가령 고기에 많은 단백질은 콩이나 현미에도 풍부하고, 우유로 섭취하는 칼슘은 녹황색 채소로도 섭취가 가능하다.</P><br />
<P>만약 채식에 영양적 결핍이 있었다면 나도 채식인이 되지 않았을 것이다.</P><br />
<P>1년에 한 번씩 종합검진을 받는데 신체나이가 또래보다 10살 더 젊게 나올 정도로 건강하고 잔병이 없다.</P><br />
<P>한 조사에 따르면 채식하면 수명이 15년 이상 연장된다는 연구결과도 있다.<BR>- 채식하면 풀만 먹는다고 생각하기 쉽다 </P><br />
<P>▲굳이 고기가 아니더라도 채식으로도 먹고 싶은 음식을 다양하게 만들 수 있다.</P><br />
<P>내가 아는 채식 요리법만 4700여 가지에 이른다.</P><br />
<P>육개장 대신에 콩고기를 넣은 &#8216;두개장&#8217;이나 고기를 빼고 두부와 버섯을 넣은 &#8216;야채 탕수육&#8217;, 우유나 계란 대신에 두부와 바나나로 케이크 등을 만들 수 있다.</P><br />
<P>오히려 이러한 음식들은 재료 본연의 맛이 살아 있어 담백하고 맛있다.</P><br />
<P>- 채식하면서 부닥치는 가장 어려운 점은? </P><br />
<P>▲채식인에 대한 사회적 편견의 벽이 여전히 높다는 것이다.</P><br />
<P>우리나라는 개인보다 단체를 중시하기 때문에 &#8216;다르다&#8217;는 것을 터부시한다.</P><br />
<P>다수를 위해 소수가 희생해야 한다는 생각이 지배적이어서 채식을 하면 사회로부터 보이지 않는 폭력을 경험한다.</P><br />
<P>한 채식인은 회사에서 채식을 이해해주지 않고 육식을 강요하자 퇴사한 뒤 결국 미국으로 이민을 갔다.</P><br />
<P>이는 비단 채식에 국한된 것이 아닌데, 소수자에 대한 사회적 배려가 없다는 점이 문제다.</P><br />
<P>- 그렇다면 전 국민의 채식화가 목표인가? </P><br />
<P>▲나는 사람을 만나서 &#8216;채식하세요&#8217;라고 강요한 적이 없다.</P><br />
<P>채식은 자발적인 선택이다.</P><br />
<P>채식인이든 아니든 좋아하는 음식을 선택해 먹을 자유가 있다.</P><br />
<P>다만 우리가 먹는 음식이 어떻게 만들어지고 식탁에 오르는지 관심을 가지길 바란다.</P><br />
<P>먹을거리에 대한 정보가 왜곡돼 있다는 생각이 든다.</P><br />
<P>그래서 우리가 먹는 음식에 대해 &#8216;제대로 알고, 제대로 먹자&#8217;는 게 목표다.</P><br />
<P>더불어 채식인에 대한 배려와 존중이 자리잡기를 바라면서 올바른 채식 문화 정착을 위해 노력할 것이다.</P><br />
<P>=======================<BR><BR>인간은 왜 늙는가 <BR>저자 스티븐 어스태드 지음 | 최재천 외 옮김 출판 궁리 펴냄 | 2005.01.10 발간<BR><BR>==> 대한민국학술원 우수학술도서 2007년 자연과학<BR>(번역서에 대한민국학술원 우수학술도서를 부여한 것은 웃음거리에 가까울 것!!!<BR>우수 번역도서로 선정되었다면 모를까, 우수 학술도서는 될 수 없다.<BR>서울대 생명공학부 최재천 교수와 그 제자인 김태원(박사과정)은 이&nbsp;책을 번역했을&nbsp; 뿐<BR>번역자들이 이 책의&nbsp;연구 및 집필에 어떠한&nbsp;학문적 기여를 한 바는&nbsp;없기 때문이다.)<BR><BR>한국어판 서문 <BR>옮긴이 서문 <BR>서문 <BR>1. 노화의 패러독스 <BR>2. 나이 부풀리기와 생명의 한계 <BR>3. 노화도 시대에 따라 변해왔나 <BR>4. 노화는 유전되는가 <BR>5. 노화는 왜 일어나는가 <BR>6. 생명 활동 속도 <BR>7. 진화로 풀어보는 노화 <BR>8. 노화를 유발하는 과정 <BR>9. 생식 노화, 완경 그리고 건강 <BR>10. 노화 늦추기와 수명 연장 : 치료와 예측 <BR>주 <BR>찾아보기<BR></P><br />
<P><BR>p 287<BR><BR>실험실 설치류에게 먹이의 양을 제한하면 노화를 늦출 수 있다는 사실에는 논란의 여지가 없다. 사실 먹이 제한은 실험실 설치류의 노화를 늦추는 것으로 입증된 유일한 방법이다. 왜 먹이 제한이 이러한 효과를 나타내는지, 또 어떻게 작용하는지는 아무도 모른다. 이 방식이 인간에게도 비슷한 효과를 나타내는지 여부에 대해서도 아는 사람이 없다.&nbsp;<BR><BR>p 298&nbsp;<BR><BR>음식 제한이 인간에게 노화 방지 처방이 될 수 없다고 믿는 사람들은 낮은 BMI와 관련하여 사망률 차이가 없거나 오히려 증가하는 역학 연구 결과를 지적하고, 또 평균 미국인이 먹는 것의 60%도 안 되는 끼니로 사는 가난한 나라 사람들이 매우 많다는 점에 주목한다. 이들 중 일부는 멀리 떨어진 파푸아뉴기니에 사는 내 친구처럼 과일과 채소가 풍부하고 동물 지방이 적은 이른바 건강식을 한다. 물론 그들은 결코 오래 살지 못한다. 오히려 그 반대다. <BR><BR><BR>====================<BR><BR>국가별 채식주의자 통계<BR><BR><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country</A></P><br />
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<DIV class=thumbinner style="WIDTH: 222px" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 5"><A class=image href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese-buddhist-cuisine-taiwan-1.jpg"><IMG class=thumbimage height=166 alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Chinese-buddhist-cuisine-taiwan-1.jpg/220px-Chinese-buddhist-cuisine-taiwan-1.jpg" width=220 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Chinese-buddhist-cuisine-taiwan-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Chinese-buddhist-cuisine-taiwan-1.jpg 2x"></A><br />
<DIV class=thumbcaption sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 6"><br />
<DIV class=magnify sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 6"><A class=internal title=Enlarge href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese-buddhist-cuisine-taiwan-1.jpg"><IMG height=11 alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width=15></A></DIV>Vegetarian restaurant buffet, Taipei, Taiwan.</DIV></DIV></DIV><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 7">Around the world, <A title=Vegetarianism href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</A> is viewed in different lights. In some areas, there is cultural and even legal support, such as in <A title=India href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India">India</A> and the <A title="United Kingdom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</A>, where food labelling is in place which can make it easier for vegetarians to identify foods compatible with their diets.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-UK_Government_Food_Standards_Agency_1-0 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 10" jQuery18306446697998466581="58"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-UK_Government_Food_Standards_Agency-1"><SPAN>[</SPAN>1<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> The results of a recent International survey suggest the definitions of vegetarianism vary from nation to nation. Vegetarians in some nations consume more animal products than those in other nations.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-2 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 11" jQuery18306446697998466581="61"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-2"><SPAN>[</SPAN>2<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<TABLE class=toc id=toc sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 12"><br />
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<H2>Contents</H2><SPAN class=toctoggle sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 12">&nbsp;[<A class=internal id=togglelink href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#" jQuery18306446697998466581="9">hide</A>]&nbsp;</SPAN></DIV><br />
<UL sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 13"><br />
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 13"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#Asia"><SPAN class=tocnumber>1</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Asia</SPAN></A><br />
<UL sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 14"><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 14"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#China"><SPAN class=tocnumber>1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>China</SPAN></A><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 15"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#Republic_of_China_.28Taiwan.29"><SPAN class=tocnumber>1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Republic of China (Taiwan)</SPAN></A><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 16"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#India"><SPAN class=tocnumber>1.3</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>India</SPAN></A> </LI></UL><br />
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 17"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#Oceania"><SPAN class=tocnumber>2</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Oceania</SPAN></A><br />
<UL sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 18"><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 18"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#Australia"><SPAN class=tocnumber>2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Australia</SPAN></A><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 19"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#New_Zealand"><SPAN class=tocnumber>2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>New Zealand</SPAN></A> </LI></UL><br />
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 20"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#Europe"><SPAN class=tocnumber>3</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Europe</SPAN></A><br />
<UL sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 21"><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 21"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#Belgium"><SPAN class=tocnumber>3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Belgium</SPAN></A><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 22"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#France"><SPAN class=tocnumber>3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>France</SPAN></A><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 23"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#Germany"><SPAN class=tocnumber>3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Germany</SPAN></A><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 24"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#Italy"><SPAN class=tocnumber>3.4</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Italy</SPAN></A><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 25"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#Netherlands"><SPAN class=tocnumber>3.5</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Netherlands</SPAN></A><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 26"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#Portugal"><SPAN class=tocnumber>3.6</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Portugal</SPAN></A><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 27"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#Spain"><SPAN class=tocnumber>3.7</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Spain</SPAN></A><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 28"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#Sweden"><SPAN class=tocnumber>3.8</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Sweden</SPAN></A><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 29"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#Switzerland"><SPAN class=tocnumber>3.9</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Switzerland</SPAN></A><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 30"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#United_Kingdom"><SPAN class=tocnumber>3.10</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>United Kingdom</SPAN></A> </LI></UL><br />
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 31"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#The_Americas"><SPAN class=tocnumber>4</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>The Americas</SPAN></A><br />
<UL sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 32"><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 32"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#Brazil"><SPAN class=tocnumber>4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Brazil</SPAN></A><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 33"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#Canada"><SPAN class=tocnumber>4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Canada</SPAN></A><br />
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 34"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#United_States"><SPAN class=tocnumber>4.3</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>United States</SPAN></A> </LI></UL><br />
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 35"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#References"><SPAN class=tocnumber>5</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>References</SPAN></A> </LI></UL></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><br />
<H2 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 36"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 36">[<A title="Edit section: Asia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=1">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=Asia>Asia</SPAN></H2><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 37"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 37">[<A title="Edit section: China" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=2">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=China>China</SPAN></H3><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 38">In <A title=China href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China">China</A>, although full vegetarianism is a fairly rare practice, vegetarianism has been around since at least the 7th century and has been practised by devout <A class=mw-redirect title=Buddhist href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist">Buddhists</A>. In recent years, it has seen a new resurgence in the cities as the emerging middle class in China pay attention to issues of health and diet.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 40" jQuery18306446697998466581="64"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-3"><SPAN>[</SPAN>3<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> In 2010, Prime Minister <A title="Wen Jiabao" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</A> (溫家寶總理) proposed a nationwide campaign of &#8220;one day of vegetarianism every week&#8221; (每週一素), mainly as part of a broader environmental platform.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-4 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 42" jQuery18306446697998466581="67"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-4"><SPAN>[</SPAN>4<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 43"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 43">[<A title="Edit section: Republic of China (Taiwan)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=3">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=Republic_of_China_.28Taiwan.29>Republic of China (Taiwan)</SPAN></H3><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 44">In <A title=Taiwan href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan">Taiwan</A>, 1.7 million people, or 10% of the population of Taiwan, follows a vegetarian diet at least some of the time.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-5 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 45" jQuery18306446697998466581="70"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-5"><SPAN>[</SPAN>5<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP><SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-6 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 46" jQuery18306446697998466581="73"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-6"><SPAN>[</SPAN>6<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> There are more than 6,000 vegetarian eating establishments in Taiwan.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-7 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 47" jQuery18306446697998466581="76"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-7"><SPAN>[</SPAN>7<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> Food labelling laws for vegetarian food are the world&#8217;s strictest, because around 2 million Taiwanese use vegetarian food.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-8 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 48" jQuery18306446697998466581="79"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-8"><SPAN>[</SPAN>8<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> A popular movement of &#8220;one day vegetarian every week&#8221; has been advocated on a national level,<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-9 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 49" jQuery18306446697998466581="82"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-9"><SPAN>[</SPAN>9<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> and on a local level, even government bodies are involved, such as the Taipei City Board of Education.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-10 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 50" jQuery18306446697998466581="85"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-10"><SPAN>[</SPAN>10<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 51"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 51">[<A title="Edit section: India" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=4">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=India>India</SPAN></H3><br />
<DIV class="thumb tright" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 52"><br />
<DIV class=thumbinner style="WIDTH: 222px" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 52"><A class=image href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_vegetarian_labels.svg"><IMG class=thumbimage height=110 alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/India_vegetarian_labels.svg/220px-India_vegetarian_labels.svg.png" width=220 srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/India_vegetarian_labels.svg/330px-India_vegetarian_labels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/India_vegetarian_labels.svg/440px-India_vegetarian_labels.svg.png 2x"></A><br />
<DIV class=thumbcaption sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 53"><br />
<DIV class=magnify sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 53"><A class=internal title=Enlarge href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_vegetarian_labels.svg"><IMG height=11 alt="" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width=15></A></DIV><A title="Vegetarian mark" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian_mark">Vegetarian mark</A>: Mandatory labeling in India to distinguish vegetarian products (left) from non-vegetarian ones (right)</DIV></DIV></DIV><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 55">In <A title=India href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India">India</A>, vegetarianism is usually synonymous with <A title="Lacto vegetarianism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism">lacto vegetarianism</A>. Most restaurants in India clearly distinguish and market themselves as being either &#8220;non-vegetarian&#8221;, &#8220;vegetarian&#8221;, or &#8220;pure vegetarian&#8221;. Vegetarian restaurants abound, usually, many vegetarian (<I>Shakahari</I>: plant-eater, in <A title=Sanskrit href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit">Sanskrit</A>) options are available. Animal-based ingredients (other than milk and honey) such as <A title=Lard href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lard">lard</A>, <A title=Gelatin href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin">gelatin</A>, and meat stock are not used in the traditional cuisine.</P><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 60">According to the 2006 <A title="The Hindu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu">Hindu</A>-<A title=CNN href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN">CNN</A>-IBN <I>State of the Nation Survey</I>,<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-11 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 62" jQuery18306446697998466581="88"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-11"><SPAN>[</SPAN>11<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> 31% of Indians are vegetarians, while another 9% consumes eggs. Among the various communities, vegetarianism was most common among <A title="Jain community" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_community">Jain community</A> and then <A title=Brahmin href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin">Brahmins</A> at 55%, and less frequent among Muslims (3%) and residents of coastal states. Other surveys cited by <A class=mw-redirect title=FAO href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO">FAO</A><SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-12 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 66" jQuery18306446697998466581="91"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-12"><SPAN>[</SPAN>12<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> and <A class=mw-redirect title=USDA href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA">USDA</A><SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-13 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 68" jQuery18306446697998466581="94"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-13"><SPAN>[</SPAN>13<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP><SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-Amber_Waves_.282004.29_14-0 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 69" jQuery18306446697998466581="97"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-Amber_Waves_.282004.29-14"><SPAN>[</SPAN>14<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> estimate 20%–42% of the Indian population as being vegetarian. These surveys indicate that even Indians who do eat meat, do so infrequently, with less than 30% consuming it regularly, although the reasons are partially economical.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-Amber_Waves_.282004.29_14-1 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 70" jQuery18306446697998466581="100"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-Amber_Waves_.282004.29-14"><SPAN>[</SPAN>14<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 71">India has devised a <A title="Vegetarian mark" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian_mark">system of marking</A> edible products made from only vegetarian ingredients, with a <I>green dot in a green square</I>. A mark of a <I>brown dot in a brown square</I> conveys that some animal-based ingredients were used.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-15 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 72" jQuery18306446697998466581="103"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-15"><SPAN>[</SPAN>15<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 73">Recent growth in India&#8217;s organized retail has also been hit by some controversy, because some vegetarians are demanding meatless supermarkets.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-16 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 73" jQuery18306446697998466581="106"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-16"><SPAN>[</SPAN>16<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 74">One of India&#8217;s largest publishers, S. Chand Group, was criticised for publishing a health textbook aimed at 11 and 12 year olds, entitled &#8220;New Healthway&#8221;, which said that people who eat meat &#8220;easily cheat, lie, forget promises and commit sex crimes&#8221;. In a chapter &#8220;full of inaccuracies&#8221;, it described <A class=mw-redirect title=Eskimos href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimos">Eskimos</A> as &#8220;lazy, sluggish and short-lived&#8221; because of their diet being based on meat. Academics commented that publication of material like this is a major problem for children, but that the Indian government has declined to act because it regards selection of textbooks as the schools&#8217; own choice.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-17 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 75" jQuery18306446697998466581="109"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-17"><SPAN>[</SPAN>17<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<H2 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 76"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 76">[<A title="Edit section: Oceania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=5">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=Oceania>Oceania</SPAN></H2><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 77"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 77">[<A title="Edit section: Australia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=6">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=Australia>Australia</SPAN></H3><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 78">In <A title=Australia href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia">Australia</A>, some manufacturers who target the vegetarian market will label their foods with the statement &#8220;suitable for vegetarians&#8221;; however, for foods intended for export to the UK, this labelling can be inconsistent because flavourings in ingredients lists do not need to specify if they come from animal origin. As such, <I>natural flavour</I> could be derived from either plant or animal sources.</P><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 79">Animal rights organisations such as <A title="Animal Liberation Victoria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Victoria">Animal Liberation</A> promote vegan and vegetarian diets. &#8220;Vegetarian Week&#8221; runs from 01 – 7 October every year,<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-18 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 80" jQuery18306446697998466581="112"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-18"><SPAN>[</SPAN>18<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> and food companies are taking advantage of the growing number of vegetarians by producing meat-free alternatives of popular dishes, including <A title="Bangers and mash" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangers_and_mash">sausages and mash</A> and <A title="Bolognese sauce" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolognese_sauce">Spaghetti Bolognese</A>.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-19 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 83" jQuery18306446697998466581="115"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-19"><SPAN>[</SPAN>19<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 84">According to a 2010 <A title=Newspoll href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspoll">Newspoll</A> Survey, 5% of Australians say they are vegetarians with 2% of them actually eating a vegetarian diet.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-20 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 85" jQuery18306446697998466581="118"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-20"><SPAN>[</SPAN>20<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 86">Another 2000 Newspoll survey (commissioned by <A title=Sanitarium href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitarium">Sanitarium</A>) shows 44% of Australians report eating at least one meat-free evening meal a week, while 18% said they prefer plant-based meals.</P><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 87"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 87">[<A title="Edit section: New Zealand" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=7">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=New_Zealand>New Zealand</SPAN></H3><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 88">Similar to other <A title=Australasian href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian">Australasian</A> countries such as Australia, in <A title="New Zealand" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand">New Zealand</A> the term <A class=mw-redirect title=Vegetarian href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian">vegetarian</A> refers to individuals who eat no animal meat such as pork, chicken, and fish; but may still consume animal products such as milk and eggs. In contrast, the term <A class=mw-redirect title=Vegan href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan">vegan</A> is used to describe those who do not eat any by-products of animals.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-21 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 92" jQuery18306446697998466581="121"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-21"><SPAN>[</SPAN>21<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> In 2002 New Zealand&#8217;s vegetarians made up a tiny minority, between 1-2% of the country’s 4.5 million people <SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-22 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 93" jQuery18306446697998466581="124"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-22"><SPAN>[</SPAN>22<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 94">As New Zealand and Australia work together to form common <A class=mw-redirect title="Food standards" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_standards">food standards</A> (as seen in the Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) and the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code), there is also a lot of ambiguity surrounding the &#8220;natural flavour&#8221; ingredients.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-23 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 95" jQuery18306446697998466581="127"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-23"><SPAN>[</SPAN>23<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<H2 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 96"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 96">[<A title="Edit section: Europe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=8">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=Europe>Europe</SPAN></H2><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 97">The definition of vegetarianism throughout Europe is not uniform, creating the potential for products to be labelled inaccurately.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-UK_Government_Food_Standards_Agency_1-1 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 97" jQuery18306446697998466581="130"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-UK_Government_Food_Standards_Agency-1"><SPAN>[</SPAN>1<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 98"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 98">[<A title="Edit section: Belgium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=9">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=Belgium>Belgium</SPAN></H3><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 99">Since May 2009, <A title=Belgium href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium">Belgium</A> has the first city in the world (<A title=Ghent href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent">Ghent</A>) with a weekly &#8220;veggie day&#8221;.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-24 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 101" jQuery18306446697998466581="133"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-24"><SPAN>[</SPAN>24<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> <A class="external text" href="http://www.veggieday.eu/" rel=nofollow>More info about the veggieday here</A>.</P><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 103"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 103">[<A title="Edit section: France" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=10">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=France>France</SPAN></H3><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 104">In October 2011, the <A title="European Vegetarian Union" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Vegetarian_Union">European Vegetarian Union</A> reported that the French government&#8217;s <I>Décret 2011-1227</I> and associated <I>Arrêté</I> (September 30, 2011) effectively outlaws the serving of vegan meals at any public or private school in <A title=France href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France">France</A>. Similar decrees are proposed for kindergartens, hospitals, prisons and retirement homes.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-25 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 106" jQuery18306446697998466581="136"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-25"><SPAN>[</SPAN>25<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 107">Studies in the 1990s showed that one million French (1.5% of the total population) called themselves vegetarians, although more recently this number has reportedly increased to 2%.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-French_ban_26-0 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 107" jQuery18306446697998466581="139"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-French_ban-26"><SPAN>[</SPAN>26<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 108"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 108">[<A title="Edit section: Germany" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=11">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=Germany>Germany</SPAN></H3><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 109">According to <A title="Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_and_Agri-Food_Canada">Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada</A>, Germany has over six million vegetarians.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-AAFC_27-0 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 110" jQuery18306446697998466581="142"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-AAFC-27"><SPAN>[</SPAN>27<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> A survey conducted by <I>Institut Produkt und Markt</I>, found that 9% of the population (7,380,000 people) are vegetarian,<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-28 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 111" jQuery18306446697998466581="145"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-28"><SPAN>[</SPAN>28<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> which the Italian research institute <A class=extiw title=it:Eurispes href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurispes">Eurispes</A> reports as the second highest rate of vegetarianism in the European Union (after Italy).<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-Eurispes_29-0 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 113" jQuery18306446697998466581="148"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-Eurispes-29"><SPAN>[</SPAN>29<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 114"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 114">[<A title="Edit section: Italy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=12">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=Italy>Italy</SPAN></H3><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 115">The Italian research institute <A class=extiw title=it:Eurispes href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurispes">Eurispes</A> reports that according to the <A title="European Vegetarian Union" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Vegetarian_Union">European Vegetarian Union</A>, Italy has over six million vegetarians and the highest rate of vegetarianism in the European Union, at 10% of the population.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-Eurispes_29-1 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 117" jQuery18306446697998466581="151"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-Eurispes-29"><SPAN>[</SPAN>29<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 118"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 118">[<A title="Edit section: Netherlands" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=13">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=Netherlands>Netherlands</SPAN></H3><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 119">Vegetarianism is fairly common in the Netherlands. A study has shown that the number of vegetarians out of a population of nearly 16.5 million people increased from 560,000 in 2004 to 720,000 in 2006.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-30 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 119" jQuery18306446697998466581="154"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-30"><SPAN>[</SPAN>30<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP><SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-Wakker_Dier_2006_31-0 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 120" jQuery18306446697998466581="157"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-Wakker_Dier_2006-31"><SPAN>[</SPAN>31<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> It is estimated that 4.5% of the Dutch population don&#8217;t eat meat.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-32 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 121" jQuery18306446697998466581="160"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-32"><SPAN>[</SPAN>32<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP><SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-33 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 122" jQuery18306446697998466581="163"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-33"><SPAN>[</SPAN>33<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> The number of <I>part-time vegetarians</I> grew rapidly as well: around 3.5 million Dutch citizens abstain from eating meat a few days a week.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-Wakker_Dier_2006_31-1 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 123" jQuery18306446697998466581="166"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-Wakker_Dier_2006-31"><SPAN>[</SPAN>31<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 124">The sales of <A class=mw-redirect title="Meat substitutes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_substitutes">meat substitutes</A> has an annual growth of around 25%, making it one of the fastest-growing markets in the Netherlands.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-Wakker_Dier_2006_31-2 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 125" jQuery18306446697998466581="169"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-Wakker_Dier_2006-31"><SPAN>[</SPAN>31<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> In supermarkets and stores, it is sometimes necessary to read the fine print on products in order to make sure that there are no animal-originated ingredients. Increasingly, however, vegetarian products are labeled with the international &#8220;V-label,&#8221; overseen by the Dutch vegetarian association Vegetarisch Keurmerk.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-34 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 126" jQuery18306446697998466581="172"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-34"><SPAN>[</SPAN>34<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 127">Veganism is uncommon in the Netherlands: the <I>Dutch Association for Veganism</I> estimates that there are approximately 16,000 vegans in the Netherlands, or around 0.1% of the Dutch population.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-netherlandsvegans_35-0 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 127" jQuery18306446697998466581="175"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-netherlandsvegans-35"><SPAN>[</SPAN>35<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 128"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 128">[<A title="Edit section: Portugal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=14">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=Portugal>Portugal</SPAN></H3><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 129">The Vegetarian Society of Portugal was founded c. 1908 by <A title="Amílcar de Sousa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_de_Sousa">Amílcar de Sousa</A>.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-36 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 130" jQuery18306446697998466581="178"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-36"><SPAN>[</SPAN>36<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> In 2007, the number of vegetarians in <A title=Portugal href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal">Portugal</A> was estimated at 30,000, which equates to less than 0.3% of the population.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-37 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 132" jQuery18306446697998466581="181"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-37"><SPAN>[</SPAN>37<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 133"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 133">[<A title="Edit section: Spain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=15">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=Spain>Spain</SPAN></H3><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 134">In <A title=Spain href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain">Spain</A>, vegetarian restaurants and stores are rare.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-38 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 135" jQuery18306446697998466581="184"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-38"><SPAN>[</SPAN>38<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> Some Spanish vegetarians argue that this situation is due to the fact that the <A class=mw-redirect title="Spanish State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_State">Franco Regime</A> strongly discouraged vegetarianism, which it associated with the political left. It was not until 1975 that doctors were allowed to discuss the health benefits of vegetarianism and vegetarian restaurants were permitted to do business again.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-39 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 137" jQuery18306446697998466581="187"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-39"><SPAN>[</SPAN>39<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 138"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 138">[<A title="Edit section: Sweden" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=16">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=Sweden>Sweden</SPAN></H3><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 139">In <A title=Sweden href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden">Sweden</A>, vegetarian most often means lacto-ovo vegetarian. Most but not all restaurants offer at least one lacto-ovo vegetarian dish.</P><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 140"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 140">[<A title="Edit section: Switzerland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=17">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=Switzerland>Switzerland</SPAN></H3><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 141">According to <A title="Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_and_Agri-Food_Canada">Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada</A>, Switzerland has the second highest rate of vegetarianism in the European Union (even though Switzerland is not in the EU, it was most likely included with the other EU countries for this study).<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-AAFC_27-1 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 142" jQuery18306446697998466581="190"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-AAFC-27"><SPAN>[</SPAN>27<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> Older governmental data from 1997 suggest that 2.3% of the population never eat meat and the observed trend seemed to point towards less meat consumption.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-Vegetarismus-Heft2001-01_40-0 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 143" jQuery18306446697998466581="193"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-Vegetarismus-Heft2001-01-40"><SPAN>[</SPAN>40<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> Newer studies suggest that the percentage of vegetarians has risen to 5% by 2007.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-Vegetarismus-Heft2001-01_40-1 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 144" jQuery18306446697998466581="196"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-Vegetarismus-Heft2001-01-40"><SPAN>[</SPAN>40<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 145"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 145">[<A title="Edit section: United Kingdom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=18">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=United_Kingdom>United Kingdom</SPAN></H3><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 146">In the <A title="United Kingdom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</A>, increasing numbers of people have adopted a vegetarian diet since the end of <A title="World War II" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II">World War II</A>.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-BBC8341002_41-0 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 148" jQuery18306446697998466581="199"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-BBC8341002-41"><SPAN>[</SPAN>41<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> The <A title="Food Standards Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency">Food Standards Agency</A> <I>Public Attitudes to Food survey 2009</I> reported that 3% of respondents were found to be &#8220;completely vegetarian&#8221;, with an additional 5% &#8220;partly vegetarian (don&#8217;t eat some types of fish or meat)&#8221;.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-42 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 150" jQuery18306446697998466581="202"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-42"><SPAN>[</SPAN>42<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> Some independent market studies suggest that vegetarians constitute 7% to 11% of the UK adult population (4 million people).<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-43 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 151" jQuery18306446697998466581="205"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-43"><SPAN>[</SPAN>43<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP><SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-44 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 152" jQuery18306446697998466581="208"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-44"><SPAN>[</SPAN>44<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP><SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-Survey_Perfil_12_45-0 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 153" jQuery18306446697998466581="211"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-Survey_Perfil_12-45"><SPAN>[</SPAN>45<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP>As of 2003<SUP class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="DISPLAY: none" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 154"><A class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit">[update]</A></SUP>, the <A title="Vegetarian Society" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian_Society">Vegetarian Society</A> estimates that there are between three and four million vegetarians in the UK.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-46 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 156" jQuery18306446697998466581="214"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-46"><SPAN>[</SPAN>46<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> There are twice as many vegetarian women as men.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-Survey_Perfil_12_45-1 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 157" jQuery18306446697998466581="217"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-Survey_Perfil_12-45"><SPAN>[</SPAN>45<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> Despite the clear classification by the Vegetarian Society, some people in the UK wrongly identify as vegetarians while still eating fish, either for health reasons, or because of differing ethical perspectives on vegetarianism, while others use the term &#8220;flexitarian&#8221; or part-vegetarian.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-BBC8341002_41-1 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 158" jQuery18306446697998466581="220"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-BBC8341002-41"><SPAN>[</SPAN>41<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> As of 2009, people in the UK are now also being identified with the labels &#8220;meat-avoiders&#8221; and &#8220;meat-reducers&#8221; by marketeers, denoting people who do not self-identify as vegetarians, but are reducing or avoiding meat for reasons of health or climate change impacts, with one survey identifying 23% of the population as &#8220;meat-reducers&#8221;, and 10% as &#8220;meat-avoiders&#8221;, although the same survey indicated the &#8220;vast majority&#8221; in the UK still eat meat, with one-in-five liking to eat meat every day.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-BBC8341002_41-2 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 159" jQuery18306446697998466581="223"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-BBC8341002-41"><SPAN>[</SPAN>41<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> According to <A title="Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_and_Agri-Food_Canada">Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada</A>, the UK has the third highest rate of vegetarianism in the European Union.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-AAFC_27-2 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 161" jQuery18306446697998466581="226"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-AAFC-27"><SPAN>[</SPAN>27<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 162">&#8220;Vegetarian&#8221; and &#8220;vegan&#8221; are not terms defined in law at either a UK or European level. Nonetheless, foods labelled as suitable for vegetarians or vegans are subject to provisions within the Trades Descriptions Act 1968.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-47 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 162" jQuery18306446697998466581="229"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-47"><SPAN>[</SPAN>47<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> The <A title="Food Standards Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency">Food Standards Agency</A> issues guidance on the labelling of foods as suitable for vegetarians:</P><br />
<BLOCKQUOTE class=templatequote sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 164"><br />
<DIV class=Bug6200 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 164">The term &#8216;vegetarian&#8217; should not be applied to foods that are, or are made from or with the aid of, products derived from animals that have died, have been slaughtered, or animals that die as a result of being eaten. Animals means farmed, wild or domestic animals, including for example, livestock <A title=Poultry href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry">poultry</A>, <A title="Game (food)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_(food)">game</A>, <A title=Fish href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish">fish</A>, <A title=Shellfish href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellfish">shellfish</A>, <A title=Crustacean href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean">crustaceans</A>, <A title=Amphibian href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian">amphibians</A>, <A title=Tunicate href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunicate">tunicates</A>, <A title=Echinoderm href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderm">echinoderms</A>, <A class=mw-redirect title=Mollusc href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc">molluscs</A>, and <A title=Insect href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect">insects</A>.</DIV><br />
<DIV class=templatequotecite sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 174">—Food Standards Agency<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-48 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 174" jQuery18306446697998466581="232"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-48"><SPAN>[</SPAN>48<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 175">In addition to voluntary labelling, the <A title="Vegetarian Society" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian_Society">Vegetarian Society</A> operates a scheme whereby foods that meet its criteria can be labelled &#8220;Vegetarian Society approved&#8221;.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-49 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 176" jQuery18306446697998466581="235"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-49"><SPAN>[</SPAN>49<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> Under this scheme, a product is vegetarian if it is free of meat, fowl, fish, shellfish, meat or bone stock, animal or <A title=Tallow href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallow">carcass fats</A>, gelatin, <A title=Aspic href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspic">aspic</A>, or any other ingredient resulting from slaughter, such as rennet.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-50 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 179" jQuery18306446697998466581="238"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-50"><SPAN>[</SPAN>50<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> Cheese is often labelled as well, making it possible to identify cheeses that have been made with <A title=Rennet href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennet">rennet</A> derived from non-animal sources. Many hard cheeses in continental Europe contain rennet derived from animal sources.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-51 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 181" jQuery18306446697998466581="241"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-51"><SPAN>[</SPAN>51<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<H2 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 182"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 182">[<A title="Edit section: The Americas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=19">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=The_Americas>The Americas</SPAN></H2><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 183"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 183">[<A title="Edit section: Brazil" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=20">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=Brazil>Brazil</SPAN></H3><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 184">In 2004, Marly Winckler, President of the Brazilian Vegetarian Society claimed that 5% of the population is vegetarian.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-ivunewsbrazil_52-0 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 184" jQuery18306446697998466581="244"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-ivunewsbrazil-52"><SPAN>[</SPAN>52<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> According to a 2012 survey undertaken by the <A title="Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Public_Opinion_and_Statistics">Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics</A>, 8% of the population, that is, 15.2 million people, identified themselves as vegetarian. The city of <A title="São Paulo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo">São Paulo</A> has the most vegetarians in absolute terms (792,120 people), while <A title=Fortaleza href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortaleza">Fortaleza</A> has the highest percentage, at 14% of the total population.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-53 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 188" jQuery18306446697998466581="247"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-53"><SPAN>[</SPAN>53<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 189">The main reason cited is concern for animal rights. Marly Winckler claims that the central reasons for the <A title=Deforestation href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation">deforestation</A> of the <A title="Amazon rainforest" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_rainforest">Amazon</A> are expansive <A title=Ranch href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch">livestock raising</A> (mainly <A title=Cattle href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle">cattle</A>) and <A title=Soybean href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean">soybean</A> crops, most of it for use as an animal feeding, and a minor percentage for edible oil processing (being direct human consumption for use as food nearly negligible),<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-54 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 194" jQuery18306446697998466581="250"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-54"><SPAN>[</SPAN>54<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> claims that are widely known to have a basis.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-CIFOR2004_55-0 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 195" jQuery18306446697998466581="253"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-CIFOR2004-55"><SPAN>[</SPAN>55<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP><SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-56 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 196" jQuery18306446697998466581="256"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-56"><SPAN>[</SPAN>56<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP><SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-57 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 197" jQuery18306446697998466581="259"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-57"><SPAN>[</SPAN>57<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP><SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-58 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 198" jQuery18306446697998466581="262"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-58"><SPAN>[</SPAN>58<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 199">As in Canada, <I>vegetarianismo</I> (<SMALL><FONT size=2>Portuguese pronunciation:&nbsp;</FONT></SMALL><SPAN class=IPA title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 199"><A title="Help:IPA for Portuguese and Galician" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Portuguese_and_Galician"><FONT face="Lucida Sans Unicode">[veʒiˌtaɾjɐ̃ˈnizmu]</FONT></A></SPAN>) is usually synonymous with <A class=mw-redirect title=Lacto-ovo-vegetarianism href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacto-ovo-vegetarianism">lacto-ovo-vegetarianism</A> and vegetarians are sometimes wrongly assumed to be <A class=mw-redirect title=Pescetarian href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescetarian">pescetarians</A> and/or <A class=mw-redirect title=Pollotarian href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollotarian">pollotarians</A> who tolerate the flesh of <A title=Fish href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish">fish</A> or <A title=Poultry href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry">poultry</A>, respectively. Nevertheless, <A title=Veganism href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism">veganism</A>, and <A title=Freeganism href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeganism">freeganism</A>, are very common among Brazilian <A title="Anarchism in Brazil" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil">anarchists</A>, <A title="Punk in Brazil" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_in_Brazil">punks</A> and members of other groups in the <A title=Counterculture href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture">counterculture</A> and/or <A title="Left-wing politics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics">left-wing</A> movements. Other beliefs generally associated with Brazilian vegetarians are <A title="Eastern philosophy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_philosophy">Eastern philosophies</A> and <A title="Eastern religions" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_religions">religions</A>, <A title="New Age" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age">New Age</A> and <A title=Spiritism href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritism">Spiritism</A>, while it is also commonly said to be related to the <A title=Emo href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo#Fashion_and_stereotype">emo</A> and <A title="Hipster (contemporary subculture)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)">indie</A> <A title=Youth href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth">youth</A> <A title=Subculture href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture">subcultures</A> as influence from the local punks. Brazilian vegetarians reportedly tend to be urban, of middle or upper <A title="Social class" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class">class</A><SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-ivunewsbrazil_52-1 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 220" jQuery18306446697998466581="265"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-ivunewsbrazil-52"><SPAN>[</SPAN>52<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> and live in the <A title=Centro-Sul href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro-Sul">Central-Southern half</A> of the country. Since the 1990s, and specially over the 2000s, several vegetarian and vegan restaurants appeared in the metropolitan regions of <A title="Greater São Paulo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo">São Paulo</A>, <A title="Porto Alegre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alegre">Porto Alegre</A>, <A title=Curitiba href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curitiba">Curitiba</A> and <A title="Greater Rio de Janeiro" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</A>.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-59 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 226" jQuery18306446697998466581="268"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-59"><SPAN>[</SPAN>59<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 227"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 227">[<A title="Edit section: Canada" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=21">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=Canada>Canada</SPAN></H3><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 228">In <A title=Canada href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada">Canada</A>, vegetarianism is usually synonymous with <A title="Ovo-lacto vegetarianism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovo-lacto_vegetarianism">ovo-lacto vegetarianism</A>. However, vegetarians are sometimes wrongly assumed to be <A title=Pescetarianism href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescetarianism">pescetarians</A> or <A title=Semi-vegetarianism href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-vegetarianism">pollotarians</A>. Approximately 4.0% of adults are vegetarians as of 2003<SUP class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="DISPLAY: none" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 232"><A class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit">[update]</A></SUP>.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-60 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 233" jQuery18306446697998466581="271"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-60"><SPAN>[</SPAN>60<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<H3 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 234"><SPAN class=editsection sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 234">[<A title="Edit section: United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&#038;action=edit&#038;section=22">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class=mw-headline id=United_States>United States</SPAN></H3><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 235">Vegetarianism was endorsed in the United States in 1838 by the American Health Convention. In 1971, 1 percent of U.S. citizens described themselves as vegetarians. A 2013 <A title="Public Policy Polling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Policy_Polling">Public Policy Polling</A> survey found 13% of Americans identify as vegetarian (6%) or vegan (7%).<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-61 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 236" jQuery18306446697998466581="274"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-61"><SPAN>[</SPAN>61<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> A 2012 <A class=mw-redirect title="The Gallup Organization" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gallup_Organization">Gallup</A> poll found 5% of Americans identify as vegetarian and 2% as vegan.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-62 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 238" jQuery18306446697998466581="277"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-62"><SPAN>[</SPAN>62<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> A 2008 <A title="Harris Interactive" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Interactive">Harris Interactive</A> poll found that 10% of adults &#8220;largely follow a vegetarian-inclined diet,&#8221; with 3.2% following a vegetarian diet and 0.5% identifying as vegans.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-63 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 240" jQuery18306446697998466581="280"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-63"><SPAN>[</SPAN>63<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> A 2000 Zogby Poll found that 2.5% of respondents reported not eating meat, poultry, or fish; while 4.5 percent reported not eating meat.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-American_History_Dictionary_64-0 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 241" jQuery18306446697998466581="283"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-American_History_Dictionary-64"><SPAN>[</SPAN>64<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 242">Many children [in the United States] whose parents follow vegetarian diets follow them because of religious or ethical beliefs, for animal rights, or for the environment or other reasons.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-Mangels_65-0 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 242" jQuery18306446697998466581="286"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-Mangels-65"><SPAN>[</SPAN>65<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> In the government&#8217;s first estimate<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-66 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 243" jQuery18306446697998466581="289"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-66"><SPAN>[</SPAN>66<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> of how many children avoid meat, the number is about 1 in 200.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-67 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 244" jQuery18306446697998466581="292"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-67"><SPAN>[</SPAN>67<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP><SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-68 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 245" jQuery18306446697998466581="295"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-68"><SPAN>[</SPAN>68<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> Also, the CDC survey included children ages 0 to 17 years. Possibly, older children are more likely to follow a vegetarian diet, so differences in age could explain some of the difference in results between the surveys.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-Mangels_65-1 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 246" jQuery18306446697998466581="298"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-Mangels-65"><SPAN>[</SPAN>65<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 247">U.S. vegetarian food sales (meat replacements such as soy milk and textured vegetable protein) doubled between 1998 and 2003, reaching $1.6 billion in 2003.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-69 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 247" jQuery18306446697998466581="301"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-69"><SPAN>[</SPAN>69<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P><br />
<P sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 248">By U.S. law, food packaging is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, and generally must be labeled with a list of all its ingredients.<SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-70 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 248" jQuery18306446697998466581="304"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-70"><SPAN>[</SPAN>70<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP><SUP class=reference id=cite_ref-71 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 249" jQuery18306446697998466581="307"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-71"><SPAN>[</SPAN>71<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> However, there are exceptions. For example, certain trace ingredients that are &#8220;ingredients of ingredients&#8221; do not need to be listed.<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_note-72"><SUP><SPAN>[</SPAN>72<SPAN>]</SPAN></SUP></A><BR><BR><SPAN class=mw-headline id=References>References</SPAN></P><br />
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<OL class=references sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 252"><br />
<LI id=cite_note-UK_Government_Food_Standards_Agency-1 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 252"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 252"><SUP>^ </SUP><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-UK_Government_Food_Standards_Agency_1-0"><I><B><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>a</FONT></SUP></B></I></A><SUP> </SUP><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-UK_Government_Food_Standards_Agency_1-1"><I><B><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>b</FONT></SUP></B></I></A></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 254"><SPAN class="citation web" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 254">UK Government Food Standards Agency. <A class="external text" href="http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2006/apr/vegvegan" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;Guidance on vegetarian and vegan labelling&#8221;</FONT></A><SPAN class=printonly sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 255">. <A class="external free" href="http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2006/apr/vegvegan" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2006/apr/vegvegan</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved 2008-12-29</SPAN>.</SPAN></SPAN> </SUP><br />
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<LI id=cite_note-11 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 276"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 276"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 276"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-11"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 277"><A class="external text" href="http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/08/14/stories/2006081403771200.htm" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>The food habits of a nation</FONT></A> <A title="The Hindu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"><FONT color=#0645ad>The Hindu</FONT></A></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-12 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 279"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 279"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 279"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-12"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 280"><A class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/WAIRDOCS/LEAD/X6170E/x6170e09.htm" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>2.3 Growth and Concentration in India</FONT></A> FAO Document Repository</SPAN> </SUP><br />
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<LI id=cite_note-Amber_Waves_.282004.29-14 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 283"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 283"><SUP>^ </SUP><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-Amber_Waves_.282004.29_14-0"><I><B><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>a</FONT></SUP></B></I></A><SUP> </SUP><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-Amber_Waves_.282004.29_14-1"><I><B><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>b</FONT></SUP></B></I></A></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 285"><A class="external text" href="http://www.ers.usda.gov/amberwaves/February04/Features/ElephantJogs.htm" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>The Elephant Is Jogging: New Pressures for Agricultural Reform in India</FONT></A></SPAN> </SUP><br />
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<LI id=cite_note-18 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 295"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 295"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 295"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-18"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 296">&#8220;Food For Thought&#8221;, May. 06, 2008, &#8220;National Vegetarian Week&#8221; on NVW <A class="external free" href="http://www.vegetarianweek.com.au/" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>http://www.vegetarianweek.com.au/</FONT></A></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-19 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 297"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 297"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 297"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-19"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 298"><A class="external text" href="http://www.vegiedelights.com.au/" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>Vegetarian meals and recipes from Vegie Delights</FONT></A> <A class=mw-redirect title="Sanitarium Health Food Company" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitarium_Health_Food_Company"><FONT color=#0645ad>Sanitarium Health Food Company</FONT></A></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-20 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 300"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 300"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 300"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-20"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 301"><A class="external text" href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/26880337/APF-VVSQ" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>2010 Australian survey from</FONT></A> <A title=Newspoll href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspoll"><FONT color=#0645ad>Newspoll</FONT></A> results summary</SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-21 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 303"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 303"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 303"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-21"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 304">The New Zealand Vegetarian Society (NZVS)<A class="external text" href="http://www.vegetarian.org.nz/content/being-vegetarian/what-is-a-vegetarian/" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;What Is a Vegetarian&#8221;</FONT></A> Retrieved 7 October 2012.</SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-22 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 305"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 305"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 305"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-22"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text>&#8220;Living a Good Life&nbsp;: To be a vegetarian in New Zealand&#8221; P. Bidwell- New Zealand Vegetarian Society.</SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-23 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 306"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 306"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 306"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-23"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 307">Australia-New Zealand Co-operation. <A class="external text" href="http://www.foodsafety.govt.nz/policy-law/food-regulation/australia-nz-cooperation/" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;Food safety: food regulations&#8221;</FONT></A>. Retrieved 7 October 2012.</SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-24 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 308"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 308"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 308"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-24"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 309"><A class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8046970.stm" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;Belgian city plans &#8216;veggie&#8217; days&#8221;</FONT></A>, Chris Mason, BBC, May 12, 2009</SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-25 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 310"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 310"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 310"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-25"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 311">Renato Pichler <A class="external text" href="http://www.euroveg.eu/lang/en/news/press/20111014.php" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;The French Government Outlaws Vegetarianism in Schools&#8221;</FONT></A>, European Vegetarian Union (EVU), 14 October 2011.</SPAN> </SUP><br />
<UL sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 312"><br />
<LI sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 312"><SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 312"><SUP>Also see </SUP><A class="external text" href="http://www.evana.org/index.php?id=67865&#038;lang=en" rel=nofollow><SUP><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;The French Government Outlaws Vegetarianism in Schools&#8221;</FONT></SUP></A><SUP>, European Vegetarian and Animal News Alliance (EVANA).</SUP></SPAN><SUP> </SUP><br />
<LI sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 313"><SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 313"><A class="external text" href="http://www.viva.org.uk/mediareleases/display.php?articlepid=262" rel=nofollow><SUP><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;Having Banned the Burqa, French Now Ban Les Veggies&#8221;</FONT></SUP></A><SUP>, Vegetarians&#8217; International Voice for Animals (Viva!), 19 October 2011</SUP></SPAN><SUP> </SUP></LI></UL><br />
<LI id=cite_note-French_ban-26 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 314"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 314"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 314"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-French_ban_26-0"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 315"><SPAN class="citation news" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 315">Haurant, Sandra (26 October 2011). <A class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2011/oct/26/french-government-banning-vegetarianism-schools" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;French government &#8216;banning vegetarianism&#8217; in school canteens&#8221;</FONT></A>. <I>The Guardian</I><SPAN class=printonly sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 316">. <A class="external free" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2011/oct/26/french-government-banning-vegetarianism-schools" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2011/oct/26/french-government-banning-vegetarianism-schools</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved 28 September 2012</SPAN>.</SPAN></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-AAFC-27 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 317"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 317"><SUP>^ </SUP><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-AAFC_27-0"><I><B><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>a</FONT></SUP></B></I></A><SUP> </SUP><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-AAFC_27-1"><I><B><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>b</FONT></SUP></B></I></A><SUP> </SUP><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-AAFC_27-2"><I><B><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>c</FONT></SUP></B></I></A></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 320"><SPAN class="citation book" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 320">Anne-Sophie Hottiaux, Agri-Food Trade Commissioner. <A class="external text" href="http://www.ats.agr.gc.ca/blog/5787-eng.htm" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;Exporting to the EU&#8221;</FONT></A>. Canadian Consulate, Düsseldorf, Germany: <A title="Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_and_Agri-Food_Canada"><FONT color=#0645ad>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada</FONT></A><SPAN class=printonly sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 322">. <A class="external free" href="http://www.ats.agr.gc.ca/blog/5787-eng.htm" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>http://www.ats.agr.gc.ca/blog/5787-eng.htm</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved 16 June 2011</SPAN>.</SPAN></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-28 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 323"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 323"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 323"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-28"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 324"><SPAN class="citation web" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 324"><A class="external text" href="http://www.euroveg.eu/lang/en/info/howmany.php" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;How many Veggies &#8230;&nbsp;?&#8221;</FONT></A>. <A title="European Vegetarian Union" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Vegetarian_Union"><FONT color=#0645ad>European Vegetarian Union</FONT></A><SPAN class=printonly sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 326">. <A class="external free" href="http://www.euroveg.eu/lang/en/info/howmany.php" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>http://www.euroveg.eu/lang/en/info/howmany.php</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved 17 May 2009</SPAN>.</SPAN></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-Eurispes-29 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 327"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 327"><SUP>^ </SUP><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-Eurispes_29-0"><I><B><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>a</FONT></SUP></B></I></A><SUP> </SUP><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-Eurispes_29-1"><I><B><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>b</FONT></SUP></B></I></A></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 329"><SPAN class="citation news" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 329">Bazzi, Adrianna (12 February 2009). <A class="external text" href="http://www.corriere.it/salute/nutrizione/09_febbraio_12/italia_vegetariano_uno_su_dieci_9395e690-f8e1-11dd-bd31-00144f02aabc.shtml" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;Vegetariano un italiano su dieci&#8221;</FONT></A>. <I sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 330"><A title="Corriere della Sera" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera"><FONT color=#0645ad>Corriere della Sera</FONT></A></I><SPAN class=printonly sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 331">. <A class="external free" href="http://www.corriere.it/salute/nutrizione/09_febbraio_12/italia_vegetariano_uno_su_dieci_9395e690-f8e1-11dd-bd31-00144f02aabc.shtml" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>http://www.corriere.it/salute/nutrizione/09_febbraio_12/italia_vegetariano_uno_su_dieci_9395e690-f8e1-11dd-bd31-00144f02aabc.shtml</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved 16 June 2011</SPAN>.</SPAN></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-30 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 332"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 332"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 332"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-30"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 333"><SPAN class="citation web" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 333"><A class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm?languageswitch=on" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;Population counter&#8221;</FONT></A>. <A title="Statistics Netherlands" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands"><FONT color=#0645ad>Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek</FONT></A>. 2008-04-24<SPAN class=printonly sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 335">. <A class="external free" href="http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm?languageswitch=on" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm?languageswitch=on</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved 2008-04-24</SPAN>.</SPAN></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-Wakker_Dier_2006-31 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 336"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 336"><SUP>^ </SUP><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-Wakker_Dier_2006_31-0"><I><B><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>a</FONT></SUP></B></I></A><SUP> </SUP><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-Wakker_Dier_2006_31-1"><I><B><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>b</FONT></SUP></B></I></A><SUP> </SUP><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-Wakker_Dier_2006_31-2"><I><B><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>c</FONT></SUP></B></I></A></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 339"><SPAN class="citation web" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 339"><A class="external text" href="http://www.wakkerdier.nl/persbericht/283/Antonie_kamerling_en_marly_van_der_velden_meest_sexy_vegetari%EBrs/?id=283" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;Antonie kamerling en marly van der velden meest sexy vegetariërs&#8221;</FONT></A> (in Dutch). <A title="Wakker Dier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakker_Dier"><FONT color=#0645ad>Wakker Dier</FONT></A>. 2006-03-20<SPAN class=printonly sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 341">. <A class="external free" href="http://www.wakkerdier.nl/persbericht/283/Antonie_kamerling_en_marly_van_der_velden_meest_sexy_vegetari%EBrs/?id=283" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>http://www.wakkerdier.nl/persbericht/283/Antonie_kamerling_en_marly_van_der_velden_meest_sexy_vegetari%EBrs/?id=283</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved 2008-04-23</SPAN>.</SPAN></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-32 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 342"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 342"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 342"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-32"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 343"><SPAN class="citation web" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 343">Becker, Sander. <A class="external text" href="http://www.trouw.nl/deverdieping/overigeartikelen/article847086.ece/Een_dag_geen_vlees_is_een_dag_niet_geleefd" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;Een dag geen vlees is een dag niet geleefd&#8221;</FONT></A> (in Dutch). <A title=Trouw href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouw"><FONT color=#0645ad>Trouw</FONT></A><SPAN class=printonly sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 345">. <A class="external free" href="http://www.trouw.nl/deverdieping/overigeartikelen/article847086.ece/Een_dag_geen_vlees_is_een_dag_niet_geleefd" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>http://www.trouw.nl/deverdieping/overigeartikelen/article847086.ece/Een_dag_geen_vlees_is_een_dag_niet_geleefd</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved 2008-04-25</SPAN>.</SPAN></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-33 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 346"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 346"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 346"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-33"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 347">&#8220;Vegetarisme&#8221; <A class="external free" href="http://www.vegetariers.nl/vegetarisme.aspx" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>http://www.vegetariers.nl/vegetarisme.aspx</FONT></A></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-34 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 348"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 348"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 348"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-34"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 349">&#8220;Vegetarisch Keurmerk&#8221; <A class="external free" href="http://www.vegetariers.nl/keurmerk.aspx" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>http://www.vegetariers.nl/keurmerk.aspx</FONT></A></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-netherlandsvegans-35 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 350"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 350"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 350"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-netherlandsvegans_35-0"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 351"><SPAN class="citation web" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 351"><A class="external text" href="http://www.veganisme.org/?over_veganisme" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;Wat is veganisme?&#8221;</FONT></A> (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme<SPAN class=printonly sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 352">. <A class="external free" href="http://www.veganisme.org/?over_veganisme" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>http://www.veganisme.org/?over_veganisme</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved 2008-04-25</SPAN>.</SPAN></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-36 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 353"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 353"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 353"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-36"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 354"><A class="external text" href="http://www.euroveg.eu/lang/es/news/news.php?id=25014" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>Vegetarianism in Portugal: a century of history</FONT></A> <A title="European Vegetarian Union" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Vegetarian_Union"><FONT color=#0645ad>European Vegetarian Union</FONT></A> <SPAN class=languageicon style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; COLOR: #555"><FONT size=2>(English)</FONT></SPAN></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-37 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 356"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 356"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 356"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-37"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 357"><A class="external text" href="http://www.centrovegetariano.org/Article-451-Portugal%253A%2B30%2B000%2BVegetarianos.html" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>Portugal: 30 000 Vegetarianos</FONT></A>. Centrovegetariano.org. Retrieved on 2011-01-06.</SPAN> </SUP><br />
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<LI id=cite_note-BBC8341002-41 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 365"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 365"><SUP>^ </SUP><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-BBC8341002_41-0"><I><B><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>a</FONT></SUP></B></I></A><SUP> </SUP><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-BBC8341002_41-1"><I><B><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>b</FONT></SUP></B></I></A><SUP> </SUP><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-BBC8341002_41-2"><I><B><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>c</FONT></SUP></B></I></A></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 368"><SPAN class="citation news" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 368"><A class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/5l3nNkfwC" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;The rise of the non-veggie vegetarian&#8221;</FONT></A>. BBC. 2009-11-05. Archived from <A class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8341002.stm" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>the original</FONT></A> on 2009-11-05<SPAN class=printonly sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 370">. <A class="external free" href="http://www.webcitation.org/5l3nNkfwC" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>http://www.webcitation.org/5l3nNkfwC</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved 2009-11-05</SPAN>.</SPAN></SPAN> </SUP><br />
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<LI id=cite_note-43 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 374"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 374"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 374"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-43"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 375"><A class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=635160" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>Factors affecting food choice in relation to fruit and vegetable intake: a review</FONT></A> J. Pollard, S. F. L. Kirk and J. E. Cade</SPAN> </SUP><br />
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<LI id=cite_note-CIFOR2004-55 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 406"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 406"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 406"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-CIFOR2004_55-0"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text>Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) (2004)</SPAN> </SUP><br />
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<LI id=cite_note-57 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 412"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 412"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 412"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-57"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 413"><SPAN class="citation book" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 413">Margulis, Sergio (2004) (PDF). <A class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/02/02/000090341_20040202130625/Rendered/PDF/277150PAPER0wbwp0no1022.pdf" rel=nofollow><I><FONT color=#3366bb>Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon</FONT></I></A>. Washington D.C.: The World Bank. <A title="International Standard Book Number" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number"><FONT color=#0645ad>ISBN</FONT></A>&nbsp;<A title=Special:BookSources/0-8213-5691-7 href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8213-5691-7"><FONT color=#0645ad>0-8213-5691-7</FONT></A><SPAN class=printonly sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 416">. <A class="external free" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/02/02/000090341_20040202130625/Rendered/PDF/277150PAPER0wbwp0no1022.pdf" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/02/02/000090341_20040202130625/Rendered/PDF/277150PAPER0wbwp0no1022.pdf</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved September 4, 2008</SPAN>.</SPAN></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-58 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 417"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 417"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 417"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-58"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 418">Barreto, P.; Souza Jr. C.; Noguerón, R.; Anderson, A. &#038; Salomão, R. 2006. <A class="external text" href="http://www.imazon.org.br/publicacoes/publicacao.asp?id=357" rel=nofollow><I><FONT color=#3366bb>Human Pressure on the Brazilian Amazon Forests</FONT></I></A>. <A class="external text" href="http://www.imazon.org.br/" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>Imazon</FONT></A>. Retrieved September 28, 2006. (The <A class="external text" href="http://www.imazon.org.br/" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>Imazon</FONT></A> web site contains many resources relating to the Brazilian Amazon.)</SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-59 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 421"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 421"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 421"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-59"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 422"><SPAN class="citation web" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 422"><A class="external text" href="http://www.happycow.net/south_america/brazil/" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;Vegetarian Restaurants in Brazil&#8221;</FONT></A><SPAN class=printonly sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 423">. <A class="external free" href="http://www.happycow.net/south_america/brazil/" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>http://www.happycow.net/south_america/brazil/</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved 2011-05-30</SPAN>.</SPAN></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-60 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 424"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 424"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 424"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-60"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 425"><SPAN class="citation Journal" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 425">American Dietetic, Association; Dietitians Of, Canada (2003). &#8220;Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: vegetarian diets.&#8221;. <I>Canadian journal of dietetic practice and research&nbsp;: a publication of Dietitians of Canada = Revue canadienne de la pratique et de la recherche en dietetique&nbsp;: une publication des Dietetistes du Canada</I> <B>64</B> (2): 62–81. <A title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><FONT color=#0645ad>doi</FONT></A>:<A class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3148%2F64.2.2003.62" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>10.3148/64.2.2003.62</FONT></A>. <A class=mw-redirect title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier"><FONT color=#0645ad>PMID</FONT></A>&nbsp;<A class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12826028" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>12826028</FONT></A>.</SPAN></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-61 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 429"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 429"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 429"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-61"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 430"><SPAN class="citation web" sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 430">Jensen, Tom (26 February 2013). <A class="external text" href="http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/main/2013/02/food-issues-polarizing-america.html" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;Food issues polarizing America&#8221;</FONT></A>. <I>Public Policy Polling</I><SPAN class=printonly sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 431">. <A class="external free" href="http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/main/2013/02/food-issues-polarizing-america.html" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/main/2013/02/food-issues-polarizing-america.html</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN class=reference-accessdate>. Retrieved 28 February 2013</SPAN>.</SPAN></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-62 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 432"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 432"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 432"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-62"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 433"><A class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/156215/consider-themselves-vegetarians.aspx" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>&#8220;In U.S., 5% Consider Themselves Vegetarians. Even smaller 2% say they are vegans&#8221;</FONT></A></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-63 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 434"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 434"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 434"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-63"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 435"><A class="external text" href="http://www.vegetariantimes.com/features/archive_of_editorial/667" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>Vegetarianism In America</FONT></A></SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-American_History_Dictionary-64 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 436"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 436"><B sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 436"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-American_History_Dictionary_64-0"><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></SUP></A></B></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text>Feffer, Loren Butler. &#8220;Vegetarianism&#8221; Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. Vol. 8. 3rd ed. New York: Charles Scribner&#8217;s Sons, 2003. 1 pp. 10 vols.</SPAN> </SUP><br />
<LI id=cite_note-Mangels-65 sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 437"><SPAN class=mw-cite-backlink sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 437"><SUP>^ </SUP><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-Mangels_65-0"><I><B><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>a</FONT></SUP></B></I></A><SUP> </SUP><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#cite_ref-Mangels_65-1"><I><B><SUP><FONT color=#0645ad>b</FONT></SUP></B></I></A></SPAN><SUP> <SPAN class=reference-text sizset="false" sizcache09681911950852555="65 148 439"><A title="Reed Mangels" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Mangels"><FONT color=#0645ad>Mangels, Reed</FONT></A>. &#8220;Nutrition Hotline: this issue&#8217;s Nutrition Hotline considers the number of children in the United States who are vegetarian, examines why the amount of calcium in greens varies among sources, and advises vegans with herpes zoster about foods containing lysine and arginine.&#8221; Vegetarian Journal 28 (July-Aug. 2009): p2(2). Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 20 Oct. 2009.</SPAN> </SUP><br />
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]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>[기업감시] 맥도날드 치킨에 대한 입맛 떨어지는 진실</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=2010</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=2010#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 17 May 2010 13:59:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[기업감시]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[공장식 축산업]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[광고]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[맥도날드]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[밀집사육]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[브라질]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[소비자의 무지]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[질병]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[태국]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[맥도날드 치킨에 대한 입맛떨어지는 진실이라는 폭로기사가 영국의 데일리 메일에 실렸습니다.(맥도날드 외에도 KFC나 다른 패스트푸드 체인점도 비슷한 상황입니다.)A4 용지 한 장 만한 조그마한 크기의 사육공간에서 공장식으로 사육되어 40일만에 도축되는 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>맥도날드 치킨에 대한 입맛떨어지는 진실이라는 폭로기사가 영국의 데일리 메일에 실렸습니다.<BR>(맥도날드 외에도 KFC나 다른 패스트푸드 체인점도 비슷한 상황입니다.)<BR><BR>A4 용지 한 장 만한 조그마한 크기의 사육공간에서 공장식으로 사육되어 40일만에 도축되는 닭들&#8230; 그 중에서 5%는 스트레스로 사망하고&#8230; 살아남은 닭들도 공장식 도축방법에 의해서 털이 뽑히고 가공되는데&#8230; 소비자들은 결코 이러한 현실을 알아채지 못하고 있지요.<BR><BR>식품업계는 마치 닭들이 자연스러운 환경에서 건강하게 사육되는 것처럼 광고를 하지만&#8230; 진실은 이와 정반대라는 주장입니다. 식품업계는 소비자들의 무지를 이용해서 막대한 돈을 벌어들이고 있다는 말이지요.<BR><BR>영국의 패스트푸드 음식점에서 사용되는 닭은 연간 3천만 마리 정도인데 그 중&nbsp;60%는 브라질에서 냉동육 형태로 수입되고, 30%는 네덜란드에서 수입되고, 9%는 태국에서 수입된다고 합니다.<BR><BR><BR><BR><br />
<H1>Revealed: The very unappetising truth about McDonald&#8217;s chicken meals (Jamie Oliver, look away now)<BR></H1><br />
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<P>By <A class=author href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/search.html?s=y&#038;authornamef=Tom+Rawstorne" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#003580>Tom Rawstorne</FONT></A><BR><BR>출처 : [데일리메일(영국)] Last updated at 2:02 PM on 15th May 2010<BR><A href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1278495/The-unappetising-truth-McDonalds-chicken-meals.html?ITO=1490">http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1278495/The-unappetising-truth-McDonalds-chicken-meals.html?ITO=1490</A><BR></P><br />
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<P>A chicken squats in a shed the size of a football pitch somewhere in the outback of Brazil. And it&#8217;s not alone. <BR></P><br />
<P>One of tens of thousands, each bird is allowed the floor space equivalent to a sheet of A4 paper and will live for just 40 days before it hits its genetically-engineered slaughter weight. That&#8217;s if it doesn&#8217;t perish along the way.</P><br />
<P>Five per cent or so will be unable to cope with the conditions and die even before then. </P><br />
<P>Those that survive will be plucked and butchered in an industrial process the like of which this planet has never before seen. </P><br />
<P>Every year billions of chickens will live and die in this way. Of course, South America is a long way away. But your local McDonald&#8217;s is not. And that is where a significant proportion of this intensively reared meat will eventually end up. <BR></P><br />
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<DIV class=thinCenter><IMG class=blkBorder height=315 alt="McDonalds McChicken Sandwich" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2010/05/14/article-1278495-09956340000005DC-503_468x315.jpg" width=468><br />
<P class=imageCaption>McChicken Sandwich: Much of McDonalds&#8217; poultry comes from Brazil, where the animals live in cramped conditions</P></DIV><br />
<P>Of all the chicken churned out by the fast-food chain &#8211; the equivalent of 30 million birds a year &#8211; 60 per cent is imported frozen from Brazil. A further nine per cent comes from Thailand and 30 per cent from Holland </P><br />
<P>A quick bit of arithmetic reveals just how much of the chicken sold in the fast-food giant&#8217;s British restaurants is reared in this country: that&#8217;s right, just one per cent. </P><br />
<P>It&#8217;s a figure that&#8217;s never before been published, and it will surprise and disturb many. After all, in recent years McDonald&#8217;s has effectively relaunched itself as a chain that cares about the provenance of its food and its relationship with the nation&#8217;s farmers. </P><br />
<P>There have been television adverts featuring bucolic rural scenes, paper tray mats that introduce the customer to the chain&#8217;s suppliers and a website that boasts of lovingly nurtured, homegrown spuds. </P><br />
<P>The beef they use is sourced entirely from British and Irish farms, the eggs free-range, the milk organic and the coffee beans Rainforest Alliance-certified. </P><br />
<P>And, clearly, it is something that chimes with the public. During the past four years, McDonald&#8217;s UK had added £465million to its sales, while in 2009 there was a double-digit increase in like-for-like sales as customer visits rose year on year. In terms of growth, Britain is leading the way across McDonald&#8217;s international empire. </P><br />
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<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.6em" size=3>The chain&#8217;s ads boast of lovingly nurtured produce</FONT></P></DIV><br />
<P>Impressive stuff, and it&#8217;s not just the public who are reacting well. This month, the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver publicly gave his backing to the chain. </P><br />
<P>&#8216;The quality of the beef, they only sell free-range eggs, they only sell organic milk, their ethics and recycling is being improved and improved,&#8217; he said in an interview. &#8216;And I can&#8217;t even believe I&#8217;m telling you that McDonald&#8217;s UK has come a long way, but actually, it probably puts quite a lot of gastro-pubs to shame, the amount of work they&#8217;re doing in the back end. </P><br />
<P>&#8216;Also, they&#8217;ve just had their best commercial year in four years, so they&#8217;re proving that being commercial and caring can work. Actually, it&#8217;s the future.&#8217; </P><br />
<P>But what &#8211; and it is a very big &#8216;what&#8217; &#8211; about the chicken, the dish which one suspects many customers seeking a healthier option would generally go for? What aspect of these birds&#8217; life cycle, of the impact their production has on the planet, could possibly be described as &#8216;caring&#8217;? </P><br />
<P>More to the point, is it something about which Jamie Oliver or the millions of customers who eat in McDonald&#8217;s every week are even aware? </P><br />
<P>A decade or two ago, people went to McDonald&#8217;s for one thing and one thing alone: a beefburger. </P><br />
<P>Today, a glance at the menu shows just how much the fast-food chain &#8211; and the nation&#8217;s tastes &#8211; has changed. Forget the Big Mac, it is chicken that is now equally big business. </P><br />
<P>On the menu there is the Chicken Legend burger, £2.99, the McChicken sandwich, £2.19, Chicken McNuggets, £2.19 for six, or £2.49 for nine, and Mayo Chicken, 99p. The toasted deli sandwiches include chicken and bacon, £2.99, chicken salad, £2.99, and sweet chilli chicken, £2.99. Then there are the salad options: crispy chicken and bacon, £3.29, and grilled chicken and bacon, £3.59. </P><br />
<DIV class=thinFloatRHS><IMG class=blkBorder height=370 alt="Jamie Oliver " src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2010/05/14/article-1278495-06A0F328000005DC-77_233x370.jpg" width=233><br />
<P class=imageCaption>Supportive: The TV chef Jamie Oliver has publicly given his backing to McDonalds</P></DIV><br />
<P>Finally, on the recently introduced Little Tasters menu, there is the chicken caesar snack wrap, £1.49, and the salsa snack wrap, £1.49. </P><br />
<P>The growth of this side of the McDonald&#8217;s menu is in no way accidental. The British perceive chicken as a healthy alternative to red meat and are eating ever-increasing amounts of it. Upping its presence on the McDonald&#8217;s menu was a &#8216;no-brainer&#8217; that has been integral to the company&#8217;s success. </P><br />
<P>&#8216;I suspect we are taking business from some of the chicken restaurants because we keep extending the number of chicken-based items on our menus,&#8217; admitted Steve Easterbrook, chief executive of McDonald&#8217;s UK, as he explained the company&#8217;s success in the midst of a recession. </P><br />
<P>British-born Mr Easterbook has been praised for turning around the chain&#8217;s prospects in this country. </P><br />
<P>The company reached its nadir in 2002 when McDonald&#8217;s globally reported the first losses in its history. Here, things were especially bad. </P><br />
<P>Having been hit in the late 1990s by the outbreak of mad cow disease, public sentiment in Britain had also been turned against the chain by the long-running &#8216;McLibel&#8217; trial, in which the firm spent £10million suing the activists Dave Morris and Helen Steel for what it said were defamatory claims made in leaflets the couple produced about McDonald&#8217;s. </P><br />
<P>Negativity among British consumers was further enhanced by Super Size Me, Morgan Spurlock&#8217;s 2004 film that documented the drastic effect an exclusively McDonald&#8217;s diet had on his physical and psychological well-being. </P><br />
<P>To counter this, Mr Easterbook set about introducing a more &#8216;local&#8217; approach to the business, listening to what British customers wanted rather than imposing an Americanised formula. </P><br />
<P>This localist approach in part centred on responding to consumers&#8217; concerns about the quality and the origins of the food sold. Ever since, McDonald&#8217;s marketing strategy has focused heavily on the restaurant&#8217;s use of home-reared beef, free-range eggs and organic milk. </P><br />
<P>Undeniably these have all been changes for the good, and Jamie Oliver&#8217;s comments have to be seen in that context. </P><br />
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<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.6em" size=3>Food firms capitalise on our ignorance</FONT></P></DIV><br />
<P>But having assumed the moral high ground, its customers will no doubt be all the more surprised to learn that when it comes to its ever-growing range of chicken products there has been no such transformation. </P><br />
<P>Perhaps unsurprisingly, it is something McDonald&#8217;s largely glosses over. </P><br />
<P>While its promotional literature makes great play of the fact that its beef is &#8216;sourced from over 16,000 British and Irish farms&#8217;, when it comes to chicken, the meat&#8217;s origin is left deliberately vague. </P><br />
<P>There is no mention on the company&#8217;s main website, nor in its restaurants, as to where it comes from &#8211; let alone the fact that so much of it is imported, frozen, from thousands of miles away. </P><br />
<P>&#8216;The only meat we use across our entire chicken range is succulent chicken breast meat,&#8217; its website states. </P><br />
<P>As for its suppliers, it says that they raise the chicken to high standards and that the meat can be traced back to the farm from which it originates. Wherever that may be. </P><br />
<P>Of course, McDonald&#8217;s is not alone in importing chicken from Brazil and Thailand, nor in using intensively reared chicken. Ninety-five per cent of the 850 million chickens bred for meat in this country are intensively reared, while similar quantities are imported from abroad. High Street chains that buy in frozen chicken from around the world include Pret A Manger, Subway and KFC. </P><br />
<P>But it&#8217;s the way in which McDonald&#8217;s has re-branded itself that opens it up to questions about the sourcing of its chicken. </P><br />
<P>Patrick Holden is director of the Soil Association, the body that certifies organic food in the UK. </P><br />
<P>&#8216;I think people associate McDonald&#8217;s with having made an effort to make the beef better, and I think they assume that the chicken also mainly comes from UK farms and that it is probably free-range,&#8217; he says. &#8216;We, the public, are ignorant, and it is our ignorance that the food companies are capitalising on. Until the public ask difficult questions, they can get away with it. <BR></P><br />
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<DIV class=thinCenter><IMG class=blkBorder height=435 alt=McDonalds src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2010/05/14/article-1278495-0330E49D000005DC-600_468x435.jpg" width=468><br />
<P class=imageCaption>Golden Arches: McDonalds has relaunched itself as a chain that cares about the provenance of its food &#8211; but what about its chicken? (File picture)</P></DIV><br />
<P>&#8216;It would be better for McDonald&#8217;s to source their chicken from the UK rather than Brazil and elsewhere. Then, after that, they have to go one step further and to source it free-range. </P><br />
<P>&#8216;The inconvenient truth about chicken is that we have become addicted to cheap white meat and, in the long term, the addiction is completely unsustainable economically and in terms of land use.&#8217; </P><br />
<P>It is a point echoed by Kirtana Chandrasekaran, food campaigner for Friends of the Earth. </P><br />
<P>&#8216;If you are selling a chicken burger for £1 or however much it is, then you have to understand that someone is paying for it either in environmental terms or farming terms; it is a case of buy cheap now, pay later.&#8217; </P><br />
<P>And McDonald&#8217;s makes no bones about the fact that the reason it buys chicken from abroad is because it is cheaper. &#8216;British consumers prefer to eat chicken breast meat, which is why now the only meat we use in our chicken menu items is chicken breast,&#8217; said a spokeswoman. <BR></P><br />
<P>&#8216;This consumer demand means that chicken breast meat commands a premium price in the UK compared to some European countries and other parts of the world. </P><br />
<P>&#8216;As far as we are aware, current UK demand for chicken breast meat outstrips domestic supply. Therefore, in order for us to meet our customer demands for quality and price, we now source the vast majority of our chicken from abroad.&#8217; </P><br />
<P>But McDonald&#8217;s insists that even though the meat is imported, the chickens are raised in a way that equals or exceeds the welfare standards required for intensively reared chickens in the UK. </P><br />
<P>In practical terms, this means that the maximum stocking density cannot exceed 38kg per square metre &#8211; the equivalent of somewhere between 15 and 18 chickens. They also insist that the flocks are physically inspected several times a day and that sick or dead birds are immediately removed. </P><br />
<P>Of course, such strictures will be seen as mere window- dressing by those who believe that chickens should be bred in a less intensive way. </P><br />
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<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.6em" size=3>It is a case of buy cheap now, pay later</FONT></P></DIV><br />
<P>Beyond those arguments, there are other issues specific to the importation of chicken meat from abroad, particularly Brazil. </P><br />
<P>One of the world&#8217;s agricultural super-powers, the South American nation became the largest exporter of chicken meat in 2004. By 2020, industry officials hope Brazilian exports will represent around 50 per cent of the total world market. </P><br />
<P>According to the Brazilian Chicken Producers and Exporters Association (ABEF) 3.63 million tons of chicken meat from some five billion chickens were exported in 2009. </P><br />
<P>Sourcing chicken from there is cheaper for British companies than using UK meat because production costs are lower. Wages for workers are typically 700 reais a month &#8211; that is about £250 a month or £3,000 a year. </P><br />
<P>Human rights activists and union leaders complain of poor working conditions within the industry, claiming that thousands of workers are made to perform repetitive tasks such as stripping chickens while in temperatures of around 10C (50F). </P><br />
<P>Equally important in keeping costs down is the availability and price of the soy and corn on which the chickens are raised. Environmentalists warn that food that could be used to feed people is instead being diverted into the production of chicken destined for restaurant plates in richer, developed countries. </P><br />
<P>It has also been alleged that the deforestation of the Amazon has intensified because of the need to grow more crops to feed more chickens. </P><br />
<P>Last night, asked by the Mail to explain the differences between its sourcing policies for beef and chicken, a McDonald&#8217;s spokeswoman insisted that the decision to buy the vast majority of its chicken from overseas &#8216;was so that we could keep offering our customers great value without compromising on quality&#8217;. </P><br />
<P>Ironically enough, Jamie Oliver has been a vocal critic of the intensive rearing of chickens. </P><br />
<P>Two years ago, in his Channel 4 show Jamie&#8217;s Fowl Dinners, he branded the practice as &#8216;morally wrong&#8217; and called for the public to switch to birds that enjoy a better standard of life. </P><br />
<P>All of which makes you wonder whether &#8211; when he discovers the truth about where McDonald&#8217;s chicken comes from &#8211; he will be quite so effusive in his praise for the company&#8217;s &#8216;healthy&#8217; new image. </P><BR><BR></p>
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		<title>[WHO] &#8216;여성과 건강&#8217; 보고서 (2009. 11.9)</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1273</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1273#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 10 Nov 2009 15:18:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[젠더 · 인권]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[WHO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[건강]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[&#160;&#160;여성 수명 늘었지만, 건강수준은 답보&#8221;< WHO >(제네바=연합뉴스) 맹찬형 특파원 = 지구촌 여성들은 평균 수명이 늘고 있음에도 불구하고, 10대와 노년기 등 인생에서 가장 중요한 시기에 적절한 건강관리를 받지 못하고 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;여성 수명 늘었지만, 건강수준은 답보&#8221;< WHO ><BR><BR>(제네바=연합뉴스) 맹찬형 특파원 = 지구촌 여성들은 평균 수명이 늘고 있음에도 불구하고, 10대와 노년기 등 인생에서 가장 중요한 시기에 적절한 건강관리를 받지 못하고 있다는 조사 결과가 나왔다.<BR><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 세계보건기구(WHO)는 9일 `여성과 건강&#8217; 보고서를 통해 여성들이 사회적 불평등으로 인해 사춘기와 노년기에 꼭 필요한 보건의료 혜택을 받지 못하고 있다며, 각국 보건당국이 이를 개선하기 위한 행동에 나설 것을 주문했다.<BR><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 마거릿 찬 WHO 사무총장은 보고서 발간에 즈음해 &#8220;여성들이 더 건강하고 행복한 삶을 살 능력을 포함한, 인간으로서의 잠재력을 충분히 개발할 기회를 얻지 못한다면 한 사회 전체가 진정 건강해질 수는 없다&#8221;고 지적했다.<BR><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 보고서에 따르면 여성들은 남성보다 더 오래 살지만, 연장된 수명 동안 각종 질병에 시달린다.<BR><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 에이즈와 임신 관련 질병, 결핵 등은 15∼45세 사이 여성들의 주된 사망 요인이지만, 나이가 들수록 심장마비나 뇌졸중 같은 비전염성 질환들이 사망과 장애의 주요인이 된다.<BR><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 심장마비와 뇌졸중은 `남성의 질병&#8217;으로 알려져 있지만, 실제로는 여성들에게도 가장 주된 사망요인이다. 다만 여성들의 경우 증세가 다르게 나타날 뿐이라고 보고서는 밝혔다.<BR><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 실제로 60세 이상 여성의 45%가 심혈관계 질병 또는 폐쇄성 폐질환 같은 만성질환으로 사망한다.<BR><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 많은 나라에서 여성의 기대수명이 남성에 비해 크게 늘고 있는 가운데 65세 이상 인구의 치매 발병률도 매 5년 마다 2배씩 증가하고 있다. 현재 70세 이상 인구의 58%는 여성이다.<BR><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; 전세계에서 약 6억 명의 사춘기 소녀들이 신체적, 정서적 변화가 심한 시기에 안전과 적절한 지원을 보장받지 못하고 있다. 사춘기 시절의 경험에 따라 나이가 더 들었을 때의 건강상태에 큰 차이가 생긴다고 보고서는 밝혔다.<BR><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp; <A href="mailto:mangels@yna.co.kr">mangels@yna.co.kr</A><BR><!--"<--></p>
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		<title>[음식과 질병] 미, 매년 암환자 10만명 발생 비만과 연관 추정</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1250</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1250#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 07 Nov 2009 13:12:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[endrometrial cancer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[esophageal cancer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Obesity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[비만]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식도암]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식이]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[자궁내막암]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[질병]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[미국에서 해마다 10만명의 암환자가 비만이 원인이 되어 발생하는 것으로 추정된다는 연구결과가 나왔습니다.화와이 암연구센터 the Cancer Research Center of Hawaii)는 미국암연구소the American Institute for Cancer Research)의 지원을 받아 음식섭취(diet [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>미국에서 해마다 10만명의 암환자가 비만이 원인이 되어 발생하는 것으로 추정된다는 연구결과가 나왔습니다.<BR><BR>화와이 암연구센터 the Cancer Research Center of Hawaii)는 미국암연구소the <SPAN class=yshortcuts id=lw_1257553921_0 style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">American Institute for Cancer Research)의 </SPAN>지원을 받아 음식섭취(diet )와 질병( disease)의 연관관계를 연구했습니다.<BR><BR>연구결과 자궁내막암의 49%, 식도암의 35%가&nbsp;과도한 체지방과 연관이 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다고 합니다.<BR><BR>연구자들은 아직까지 비만과 암의 연관 관계가 명확히 규명된 것은 아니지만, 일부에서는 지방조직이 암 성장을 촉진하는 성호르몬 수치를 높이거나 지방이 면역기능을 낮춘다는 주장을 하고 있습니다.<BR><BR>미 질병관리본부에 따르면, 20세 이상의 미국인 성인 가운데 34%가 비만이라고 합니다.<BR><BR>=====================<BR><BR><FONT size=4><STRONG>Obesity causes 100,000 US cancers every year: study</STRONG></FONT><BR><BR>출처 : AFP Fri&nbsp;Nov&nbsp;6, 5:17&nbsp;pm&nbsp;ET</ABBR><!-- end .byline --><br />
<DIV class=yn-story-content><br />
<P>WASHINGTON (AFP) – Obesity causes more than 100,000 incidents of cancer in the US every year, the <SPAN class=yshortcuts id=lw_1257553921_0 style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">American Institute for Cancer Research</SPAN> said in estimates published Friday.</P><br />
<P>The group, which funds research on the link between diet and the disease, said 49 percent of endrometrial cancers, which originate in the womb, and 35 percent of esophageal cancers are linked to excess body fat.</P><br />
<P>&#8220;It&#8217;s clearer than ever that obesity&#8217;s impact is felt before, during and after cancer, it increases risk, makes treatment more difficult and shortens survival,&#8221; said Laurence Kolonel of the Cancer Research Center of Hawaii.</P><br />
<P>Scientists have long seen a link between obesity and certain <SPAN class=yshortcuts id=lw_1257553921_1 style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-BOTTOM: #0066cc 1px dashed">types of cancer</SPAN>, but the study &#8212; extrapolated from US cancer incidence data &#8212; is among the first to conclude the link exists on such a scale.</P><br />
<P>Researchers have yet to pin down the exact link between obesity and cancer, but some have suggested that fat tissue may produce heightened levels of sex hormones that spur cancer growth or that fat lowers immune function.</P><br />
<P>If the link is proven to be true, cancers could be expected to expected to balloon in tandem with US body sizes.</P><br />
<P>According to the government-backed Centers for Disease Control, 34 percent of American adults aged 20 and over are obese.</P><br />
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