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	<title>건강과 대안 &#187; 종양</title>
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		<title>몬산토, ‘죽음의 상인’인가, 인류를 해방할 ‘구세주’인가?</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=paper&#038;p=4735</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=paper&#038;p=4735#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Feb 2013 01:32:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[GMO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[건강 영향]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[라운드업]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[몬산토]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[세라리니]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[장기독성연구]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[종양]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=paper&#038;p=4735</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[지난 2012년 GMO관련 장기독성 연구를 진행한 프랑스 칸 대학 세라리니 교수 연구팀의 연구결과를 둘러싸고 세계적인 논쟁이 일어난 바 있다.  박상표 운영위원이 지난 오픈세미나 발제에 이어, 이를 정리하여 &#60;시민과학&#62;에 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-family: Gulim; font-size: small; line-height: 20px; background-color: #ffffff;">지난 2012년 GMO관련 장기독성 연구를 진행한 프랑스 칸 대학 세라리니 교수 연구팀의 연구결과를 둘러싸고 세계적인 논쟁이 일어난 바 있다. </span></p>
<div><span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Gulim; font-size: small; line-height: 20px;">박상표 운영위원이 지난 오픈세미나 발제에 이어, 이를 정리하여 &lt;시민과학&gt;에 기고하면서 동시에 건강과대안 이슈페이퍼로도 발간하게 되었다. </span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: Gulim; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 1.6;"> </span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: Gulim; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 1.6;">프랑스 세라리니 교수팀이 진행한 연구인, 몬산토 사의 라운드업 제초제와 그 제초제에 내성을 가진 GM 옥수수(NK603)에 대한 2년 동안의 장기 독성 연구결과. 그리고 이에 대한 GM찬성론자들의 반박, 이를 다시 재반박하는 세라리니 교수팀의 논리를 일목요연하게 정리하였기에 일독을 권한다. </span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: Gulim; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 1.6;"> </span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: Gulim; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 1.6;">============================================</span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: Gulim; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 1.6;"> </span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-family: Gulim; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 1.6;"><b>목차</b></span></span></div>
<div>
<p class="바탕글"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Gulim; font-size: small;"><b>1. 프랑스 세라리니 교수팀의 연구 결과</b></span></span></p>
<p class="바탕글"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--><span style="font-family: Gulim; font-size: small;"><b> <!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 1.6;">2. 세라리니 교수팀의 장기 독성 연구 배경</span></b></span></p>
<p class="바탕글"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--><span style="font-family: Gulim; font-size: small;"><b> <!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 1.6;">3. 세라리니 교수 연구팀의 연구결과에 대한 산업계 및 과학계의 반응</span></b></span></p>
<p class="바탕글"><span style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="font-family: Gulim; font-size: small;"><b>-비판과 반박</b></span></span></p>
<p class="바탕글"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Gulim; font-size: small;"><b>4. 이제는 GM 곡물의 장기 독성에 대한 과학적 규명에 나서야 할 때</b></span></span></p>
</div>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>[GMO] 세라리니 논문 폄하한 EFSA 이해관계 충돌</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3564</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3564#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 18 Oct 2012 17:28:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[GMO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EFSA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[glyphosate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NK603]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[글리포세이트]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[라운드업]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[세라리니]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[안전성]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자조작 옥수수]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[이해관계 충돌]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[장기독성]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[종양]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[1.EFSA criticised by auditors over conflicts of interest2.EFSA on health effects of interaction between GMOs and herbicideshttp://www.gmwatch.org/index.php?option=com_content&#038;view=article&#038;id=14315:court-of-auditors-slams-efsaNOTE: The European Court of Auditors has slammed the European Food Safety [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1.EFSA criticised by auditors over conflicts of interest</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2.EFSA on health effects of interaction between GMOs and herbicides<BR></SPAN><BR><A href="http://www.gmwatch.org/index.php?option=com_content&#038;view=article&#038;id=14315:court-of-auditors-slams-efsa">http://www.gmwatch.org/index.php?option=com_content&#038;view=article&#038;id=14315:court-of-auditors-slams-efsa</A><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>NOTE: </STRONG>The European Court of Auditors has slammed the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for its inadequate management of conflicts of interest which it says is &#8220;not robust enough.&#8221;</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The Court &#8211; the independent audit institution of the European Union, whose job it is to examine whether the EU&#8217;s monies are being used in accordance with the rules &#8211; found serious shortcomings in the policies and procedures followed by EFSA.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The problems included EFSA not screening thoroughly the declared conflicts of interests of the scientists it appointed. EFSA, for instance, failed to do anything about a conflict of interest involving two experts reviewing food substances relevant to a company that they were simultaneously providing professional advice to. The Court&#8217;s report also criticises the presence of industry figures on EFSA&#8217;s management board. </SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The Court&#8217;s findings come as no surprise. Earlier this year the European Parliament postponed approval of EFSA&#8217;s budget in the light of all the problems over conflicts of interest at the agency.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">In fact, EFSA and its GMO Panel have been riven with such conflicts for years. And in May of this year the Chair of EFSA&#8217;s Management Board, which should be taking the lead in tackling the problem, was forced to quit because of her own flagrant industry links. </SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Disturbingly, all the concern over conflicts of interest at EFSA didn&#8217;t stop the European Commission earlier this year from nominating a food industry lobbyist and former Monsanto employee to become a member of EFSA&#8217;s Management Board.<BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><A href="http://www.testbiotech.org/en/node/631" target=_blank>http://www.testbiotech.org/en/node/631</A></SPAN></SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The resulting controversy made the Commission back down over that nomination, but there has long been similar controversy over EFSA&#8217;s GMO panel. At one point Friends of the Earth Europe <A href="http://www.bangmfood.org/quotes/24-quotes/29-regulatory-breakdown" target=_blank>reported</A> that a member of the GMO panel had direct financial links with the biotech industry while several others had indirect ones. FOEE even found that two members of the GMO panel had appeared in promotional videos for the biotech industry. </SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">FOEE also reported that several members of the GMO panel, including its then chair, had also been involved in a project tasked with agreeing procedures that would &#8220;facilitate market introduction of GMOs in Europe, and therefore bring the European industry in a competitive position.&#8221; As part of this, the chair of the GMO panel sat on a working group for the project alongside staff from Monsanto, Bayer and Syngenta. EFSA, of course, is supposed to be &#8220;the independent voice of science&#8221; guiding EU institutions.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">EFSA claims it has made changes that are putting its house in order. But the scepticism about this has only been increased by EFSA&#8217;s rapid rebuttal of the Seralini paper. </SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The concerns centre on the fact that EFSA seems to be applying standards to Seralini&#8217;s study that it fails to apply to the far less adequate studies underlying its own GM crop approvals, and also that EFSA appears to be trying to stifle debate and sweep the Seralini study under the carpet rather than seeking further investigation of the issue. In addition, both of the peer reviewers overseeing EFSA&#8217;s preliminary response to Seralini&#8217;s paper have also been accused of suffering conflicts of interest of one sort or another. </SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; COLOR: #336699; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" href="http://www.gmwatch.org/component/content/article/14296" target=_blank>http://www.gmwatch.org/index.php?option=com_content&#038;view=article&#038;id=14296</A><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">As a result, Corinne Lepage MEP, the former French Environment Minister who heads up the board of Seralini&#8217;s institute, is now calling for the executive director of EFSA, Catherine Geslain-Laneelle, to resign.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; COLOR: #336699; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" href="http://www.gmwatch.org/component/content/article/14286" target=_blank>http://www.gmwatch.org/index.php?option=com_content&#038;view=article&#038;id=14286</A><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">For Lepage, what adds to the sense that something is seriously awry at EFSA is the fact that the criticisms contained in EFSA&#8217;s response do not read like carefully considered opinions but like a rapidly assembled copy/paste job of points already circulated by others, and which largely fail to stand up to serious scrutiny.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">This is well exemplified by what happened at a recent EFSA press conference (item 2), where apparently EFSA&#8217;s Geslain-Laneelle &#8220;recalled the EFSA&#8217;s preliminary review of Seralini&#8217;s study, which was released last week, that the Sprague-Dawley strain of rats used in the experiments has been shown to be susceptible to developing tumours spontaneously, particularly as they grow older, making it difficult to interpret the results [of Seralini's study].&#8221; (item 2 below)</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">But although this claim has been widely made, the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat is not only routinely used by industry in its studies to gain approval for GM foods, it is also used in *long-term* toxicity and carcinogenicity tests performed by Monsanto on glyphosate to gain marketing approval for it in the EU. And the European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility (ENSSER) reports that the National Toxicology Program of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services uses the same strain of rat as Seralini in its 2-year studies, uncontested. They also found from a &#8220;brief, quick and still preliminary literature search of peer-reviewed journals&#8221; that SD rats were also used:</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">- in 36-month studies by Voss et al. (2005);</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">- in 24-month studies by Hack et al. (1995), Klimisch et al. (1997), Minardi et al. (2002),</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Soffritti et al. (2006) and Gamez et al. (2007);</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">- in 18-month studies by Lee et al. (2010); and</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">- in 12-month studies by Perry et al. (1981), Conti et al. (1988), Morcos &#038; Camilo </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">(2001), Flamm et al. (2003) and Gutierrez et al. (2011).</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Four of these studies had been published in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology &#8211; the same journal that published Seralini&#8217;s study.<BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><A href="http://www.gmwatch.org/latest-listing/51-2012/14288">http://www.gmwatch.org/latest-listing/51-2012/14288</A></SPAN></SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">As Mute Schimpf of Friends of the Earth Europe recently commented: &#8220;For the past decade, EFSA has consistently sided with the biotech industry and disregarded health or environment concerns about genetically modified crops. Instead of picking holes in independent, peer-reviewed research, it should be taking public concerns seriously and making long-term safety tests for genetically modified foods compulsory in the EU. The reaction from EFSA shows their double standards. If they had been as thorough with Monsanto&#8217;s applications as they were with this new research then no GMO would have been approved in the EU.&#8221;</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; COLOR: #336699; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" href="http://www.gmwatch.org/component/content/article/14270" target=_self>http://www.gmwatch.org/index.php?option=com_content&#038;view=article&#038;id=14270</A><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">&#8212;</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">&#8212;</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>1.EFSA criticised by auditors over conflicts of interest</STRONG></SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Corporate Europe Observatory, October 11 2012</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="http://corporateeurope.org/pressreleases/2012/efsa-criticised-auditors-over-conflicts-interest" target=_blank><SPAN style="COLOR: #336699; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal">http://corporateeurope.org/pressreleases/2012/efsa-criticised-auditors-over-conf</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">licts-interest</SPAN></A><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Brussels &#8211; The European Court of Auditors (ECA) has sent a highly critical message to four of the EU agencies in a report published today, condemning their failure to manage conflicts of interest adequately.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The Court has carried out an investigation into conflict of interests policies at the European aviation safety agency (EASA), European chemicals agency (ECHA), European food safety agency (EFSA) and the European Medicines agency (EMA). The EASA came out worst in the score report, but significant shortcomings were identified at EMA and EFSA as well.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Nina Holland of Corporate Europe Observatory said:</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">&#8220;This report confirms that there is no effective system in place at the agencies to ban conflicts of interest or to stop staff going through the revolving doors between the agencies and industry. Ongoing conflicts of interest at EFSA and the EMA jeopardise food safety and public health. The agencies have so far failed to take the action which is so badly needed&#8221;.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The auditors’ report stands in stark contrast to the praise that recently came from Ernst &#038; Young, hired by EFSA to carry out an evaluation of the agency.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Holland added that EFSA for its part was twisting the Court&#8217;s message by emphasising the observation that EFSA&#8217;s system to deal with conflicts of interest seems &#8216;more developed&#8217; than that of some of the other agencies. She argued that even though EFSA has recently made some changes to its policy and practices, it was not enough to claim that all problems had been solved.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The report also criticises the presence of industry figures on EFSA’s management board. This threat to EFSA’s impartiality, it says, is worsened by the fact that three of these organisations are at the same time represented on the Stakeholder Consultative Platform. This is a clear message to the EU institutions that are about to start a revision of the EFSA founding regulation, where this could be changed.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The ECA report can be found at:</SPAN><A style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; COLOR: #336699; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" href="http://eca.europa.eu/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/17190743.PDF" target=_blank>http://eca.europa.eu/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/17190743.PDF</A><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Contact:</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Nina Holland, Corporate Europe Observatory + 31 6 30285042</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">&#8212;</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">&#8212;</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>2.EFSA on health effects of interaction between GMOs and herbicides</STRONG></SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Joanna Sopinska</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Europolitics, 12 October 2012</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="http://www.europolitics.info/sectorial-policies/efsa-on-health-effects-of-interaction-between-gmos-and-herbicides-art344015-11.html" target=_blank><SPAN style="COLOR: #336699; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal">http://www.europolitics.info/sectorial-policies/efsa-on-health-effects-of-intera</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ction-between-gmos-and-herbicides-art344015-11.html</SPAN></A><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Catherine Geslain-Laneelle, executive director of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), has admitted that there are two separate legislative tracks in the EU to examine the adverse health effects of diets containing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and herbicides. At a press briefing, held on 12 October in Brussels, she explained that EU law does not require tests to be conducted on the health effects of the interaction between GMOs and herbicides.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The comment came after the publication, at the end of September, of a study by Gilles-Eric Seralini, which found that rats fed over two years with authorised GM maize NK603 and dosed with the herbicide called Roundup at permitted levels suffered from tumours and died earlier than rats fed a non-GM diet. An earlier test of NK603 maize in rats in a 90-day feeding trial (the current regulatory norm), sponsored by its producer &#8211; Monsanto company &#8211; showed no adverse effects. Geslain-Laneelle rejected claims that the 90-day feeding trial is not sufficient to estimate the risk and grant the authorisation for use or cultivation of GMOs in the EU.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Several food safety NGOs criticise EU legislation for not requiring long-term feeding trials in the area of GMOs. Referring to Seralini’s study, Geslain-Laneelle pointed to the fact that there were many other studies made on the adverse health effects on cows and sheep of diets containing GM crops, which also lasted two years. She recalled the EFSA&#8217;s preliminary review of Seralini&#8217;s study, which was released last week, that the Sprague-Dawley strain of rats used in the experiments has been shown to be susceptible to developing tumours spontaneously, particularly as they grow older, making it difficult to interpret the results.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">NEXT STEPS</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Geslain-Laneelle confirmed that the EFSA will publish its final review of Seralini’s study by the end of October. To this end, the EU food health watchdog asked Seralini to provide, by 12 October, additional information on his study. The scientist said, however, that he will not release his data until the raw data underpinning the authorisation of NK603 in Europe are also made public. Geslain-Lanéelle referred to this request, underlining that such data are made available on request. At the time when Europolitics went to press, on 12 October, no reply was received by the EFSA from Seralini. &#8220;Regardless if we receive additional information from Seralini or not, we would publish our final review,” an EFSA spokesman told Europolitics. He explained that the paper will also be based on national reviews. Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and France are expected to contribute with their own assessments, the spokesman confirmed.</SPAN></p>
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		<title>[GMO] Excess Cancers and Deaths with GM Feed: the Stats Stand Up</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3563</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3563#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 18 Oct 2012 17:22:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[GMO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[glyphosate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NK603]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[글리포세이트]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[라운드업]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[세라리니]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[안전성]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자조작 옥수수]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[장기독성]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[종양]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[NOTE: Over and over again the claim has been made that Seralini&#8217;s recently published study, which found high levels of tumours in rats given GM feed and tiny [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>NOTE:</STRONG> Over and over again the claim has been made that Seralini&#8217;s recently published study, which found high levels of tumours in rats given GM feed and tiny amounts of Roundup, can be safely ignored because he didn&#8217;t use sufficient numbers of experimental animals. But in the following article Prof. Peter Saunders, like the renowned French statistician Paul Deheuvels, points out that the smaller numbers actually make Seralini&#8217;s findings MORE &#8211; not less &#8211; significant. </SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Prof. Peter Saunders is Emeritus Professor of Mathematics at King&#8217;s College London and a leading expert in Mathematical Biology. His recent work has focused on modelling physiological control and finding the cause of Type II diabetes. He is a Vice-President of the UK Parliamentary and Scientific Committee.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">&#8212;</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<H3>ISIS Report 16/10/12 <BR><A href="http://www.i-sis.org.uk/Excess_cancers_and_deaths_from_GM_feed_stats_stand_up.php">http://www.i-sis.org.uk/Excess_cancers_and_deaths_from_GM_feed_stats_stand_up.php</A><BR></H3><br />
<H1 align=center><BR>Excess Cancers and Deaths with GM Feed: the Stats Stand Up</H1><br />
<P><I>That cancers are found even with a small number of rats tested is strong evidence that the GM feed and herbicide are carcinogenic <A href="http://www.i-sis.org.uk/contact.php">Prof Peter Saunders</A> <BR></I></P><br />
<P align=center><B>Please circulate widely and repost, but you must give the URL of the original and preserve all the links back to articles on our website. If you find this report useful, please support ISIS by subscribing to our magazine <A href="http://www.i-sis.org.uk/subscribe">Science in Society</A>, and encourage your friends to do so. Or have a look at the <A href="http://www.i-sis.org.uk/onlinestore/books.php">ISIS bookstore</A> for other publications</B></P><br />
<P>In September 2012, the research team led by Gilles-Eric Séralini at the University of Caen published the findings of their feeding trial on rats to test for toxicity of Monsanto’s genetically modified (GM) maize NK603 and/or Roundup herbicide in the online edition of <I>Food and Chemical Toxicology </I>[1]. </P><br />
<P>Séralini and his colleagues had previously found evidence for toxicity of GM feed in data from Monsanto’s own experiments, which they had obtained through a Freedom of Information demand [2]. Monsanto challenged their conclusions and, to no one’s great surprise the European Food Standards Agency (EFSA) supported Monsanto [3]. So the team decided to run their own experiment, using an unusually large number of animals and over a period of about two years, roughly the life expectancy of the rats, rather than the usual 90 days required in toxicity trials including Monsanto’s.</P><br />
<P>What Séralini and his colleagues found was that NK603 and Roundup are not only both toxic as expected, but also carcinogenic, which was unexpected. The proportion of treated rats that died during the experiments was much greater than the controls; moreover, in almost all groups a higher proportion developed tumours, and the tumours appeared earlier.</P><br />
<P>As soon as the paper appeared, the GM lobby swung into action. In particular, the Science Media Centre (SMC), a London-based organisation partly funded by industry, quickly obtained quotes from a number of pro-GM scientists and distributed them to the media [4]. According to a report in <I>Times Higher Education</I> [5], the SMC succeeded in influencing the coverage of the story in the UK press and largely kept it off the television news.</P><br />
<P>Séralini has rebutted the pro-GM critics point by point on the CRIIGEN website [6]. &nbsp;The statistician Paul Deheuvels, a professor at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie in Paris and a member of the French Académie des sciences, has now drawn attention to another serious error in the criticisms [7]: the complaint that Séralini used only 10 rats per group when the OECD guidelines [8] recommend 50 for investigations on carcinogenesis. Because the experiments did not follow the accepted protocol, their results, they argue, can be safely ignored.</P><br />
<P>In the first place, this was not a wilful disregard of the guidelines. The experiment was designed to test for toxicity, and for that the recommended group size is 10.</P><br />
<P>But Deheuvels pointed out that the fact Séralini and his colleagues had used <I>smaller</I> groups than recommended makes the results if anything <I>more</I> convincing, not less. That is because using a smaller number of rats actually made it <I>less </I>likely to observe any effect. The fact that an effect was observed despite the small number of animals made the result all the more serious.</P><br />
<P>To see why, we have to look carefully at how common statistical tests are carried out. We begin with a null hypothesis, which as the name suggests is essentially the hypothesis that nothing unusual has happened. Here it is the hypothesis that rats fed on GMOs and/or herbicide are no more likely to develop cancer than the controls. Clearly, we would like to reject the null hypothesis if it is false and accept it if it is true. But statistics is about taking decisions in the face of uncertainty – if there were no uncertainty there would be no need to use statistics – and so however careful we are, we may come to the wrong conclusion.</P><br />
<P>There are two ways in which we can go wrong. On the one hand, we can make a “Type 1 error” in rejecting the null hypothesis when it is correct. Here that would mean reporting that GMO and/or herbicide are carcinogenic when they are not. Or, we can make a “Type 2 error” in accepting the null hypothesis when it is false. Here that would mean reporting that GMO and/or herbicide are not carcinogenic when in fact they are.</P><br />
<P>Naturally we would like to design experiments to make either of those probabilities as small as possible, but there is a problem. The two types of error are linked. We can reduce the probability of making a Type 1 error by requiring stronger evidence before we reject the null hypothesis. But if we do that we necessarily require less evidence to accept it, but that increases the probability of making a Type 2 error. We have to find a balance, and usually what we do is insist that the probability of a Type 1 error must be very small, conventionally 0.05. That’s the origin of the “significant at 5 percent” level. </P><br />
<P>A probability of 0.05 is very small, so what we are saying is that we will only accept that the effect is real if we can be convinced “beyond reasonable doubt”; and most of the time that makes sense. If you’re thinking of installing a new manufacturing process or a new way of running your farm, you want to be very confident that it really is better before you make a major investment. </P><br />
<P>It is not so obviously sensible when safety is concerned. If there is scientific evidence that a product is hazardous, then it is hardly surprising if the manufacturer would not want to withdraw it unless the evidence is very strong indeed. The rest of us, however, might take a different view. Are we really willing to accept NK603 maize, or Roundup herbicide, unless and until they have been shown beyond reasonable doubt to be carcinogenic? </P><br />
<P>The standard statistical test does seem to be the wrong way around, but that’s partly because so far we have only been considering the Type 1 error, the false positive. But as Deheuvels reminds us, there is also the Type 2 error, the false negative. If NK603 and/or the herbicide are actually carcinogenic, what is the probability that we will fail to observe that? </P><br />
<P>The way to reduce the probability of a Type 2 error is to use larger groups. <I>Because we would expect carcinogenicity to be slower to appear and harder to detect than toxicity</I>, <I>the group size for experiments on carcinogenicity should be larger than for toxicity, </I>and this is precisely what the OECD Guidelines require. </P><br />
<P>If the experiment had <I>not</I> detected carcinogenicity, that might have been because the groups were too small. As the experiment did detect it, that the groups were small is not an issue. &nbsp;The scientists who were asked to supply sound bites for the Science Media Centre were quick to object that Séralini and his group had used the protocol for testing toxicity rather than the one for carcinogenesis. Had they taken a moment to ask themselves why the two protocols are different, they would have realised that in using the toxicity protocol (and remember, that was because it was what the experiment was designed to test) Séralini and his group made it <I>less</I> likely that they would detect carcinogenesis. To criticise a result because the experiment was conducted in a way that was <I>more</I> conservative than required is totally unjustifiable.</P><br />
<H3>References</H3><br />
<OL type=1><br />
<LI>Séralini G-E, Mesnage R, Gress S, Defarge N, Malatesta M, Hennequin D and&nbsp; de Vendômois JS (2012),&nbsp; Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. <I>Food and Chemical Toxicity</I>. <A href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.005">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.005</A><br />
<LI>Séralini G-E, Cellier D and de Vendômois JS (2007).&nbsp; New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity. <I>Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicity</I> 52, 596-602.<br />
<LI>EFSA review of statistical analyses conducted for the assessment of the MON863 90-day rate feeding study, 2007, <A href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/19r.pdf">http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/19r.pdf</A><br />
<LI>Science Media Centre press release: Expert Reaction to GM maize causing tumours in rats. 19 September 2012,<BR><A href="http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/pages/press_releases/12-09-19_gm_maize_rats_tumours.htm">http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/pages/press_releases/12-09-19_gm_maize_rats_tumours.htm</A>&nbsp;<br />
<LI>&nbsp;“Shock troops check ‘poor’ GM study”, Paul Jump, <I>Times Higher Education</I>, 4 October 2012.<br />
<LI>Criigen Research Team FAQs, accessed 12 October 2012, <A href="http://www.criigen.org/SiteEn/index.php?option=com_content&#038;task=view&#038;id=368&#038;Itemid=1" target=_blank>http://www.criigen.org/SiteEn/index.php?option=com_content&#038;task=view&#038;id=368&#038;Itemid=1</A><br />
<LI>De Heuvels P. <B>Étude de Séralini sur les OGM : pourquoi sa méthodologie est statistiquement bonne. <I>Le nouvel observateur Le Plus, 2012</I>, accessed 12 October 2012, <A href="http://leplus.nouvelobs.com/contribution/646458-etude-de-seralini-sur-les-ogm-pourquoi-sa-methodologie-est-statistiquement-bonne.html?utm_source=outbrain&#038;utm_medium=widget&#038;utm_campaign=obclick&#038;obref=obinsource">http://leplus.nouvelobs.com/contribution/646458-etude-de-seralini-sur-les-ogm-pourquoi-sa-methodologie-est-statistiquement-bonne.html?utm_source=outbrain&#038;utm_medium=widget&#038;utm_campaign=obclick&#038;obref=obinsource</A> </B><br />
<LI>OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals 451: Carcinogenicity Studies, 2009.&nbsp; <BR><A href="http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/fulltext/9745101e.pdf?expires=1350053297&#038;id=id&#038;accname=freeContent&#038;checksum=BB6C78E3268AD83DB887899FF18E8147">http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/fulltext/9745101e.pdf?expires=1350053297&#038;id=id&#038;accname=freeContent&#038;checksum=BB6C78E3268AD83DB887899FF18E8147</A> </LI></OL></SPAN></p>
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		<title>[GMO] 유전자조작 옥수수 쥐(The GM maize rats)</title>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 18 Oct 2012 17:03:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[GMO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[glyphosate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NK603]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[글리포세이트]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[라운드업]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[세라리니]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[안전성]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자조작 옥수수]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[종양]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[The GM maize rats &#160; Author(s): Latha Jishnu Date: Oct 31, 2012]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><BR><br />
<H1 class=title>The GM maize rats </H1><br />
<DIV class=commentCount>&nbsp;</DIV><br />
<DIV class=authors style="MARGIN-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=tagLabel>Author(s): </SPAN><A href="http://www.downtoearth.org.in/author/108">Latha Jishnu</A></DIV><br />
<DIV class=issueDate><SPAN class=tagLabel>Date: </SPAN>Oct 31, 2012<BR></DIV><!--</p>
<div class="taxonomy-terms"><span class="tagLabel">Tags:</span> <a href="/category/section/special-report" title="">Special Report</a>, <a href="/category/thesaurus/agriculture-6" title="">Agriculture</a>, <a href="/category/thesaurus/industry/biotechnology-industry" title="">Biotechnology Industry</a>, <a href="/category/thesaurus/criigen" title="">CRIIGEN</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/20703" title="">Crops</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/20436" title="">Down to earth</a>, <a href="/category/thesaurus/ensser" title="">ENSSER</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/13600" title="">European Union (EU)</a>, <a href="/category/thesaurus/gilles-eric-seralini" title="">Gilles-Eric Seralini</a>, <a href="/category/thesaurus/glyphosate" title="">glyphosate</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/8604" title="">GMOs</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/7313" title="">Health Effects</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/7502" title="">Herbicide</a>, <a href="/category/thesaurus/jack-heinemann" title="">Jack Heinemann</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/20777" title="">Latha Jishnu</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/7899" title="">Maize</a>, <a href="/category/thesaurus/maize-nk603" title="">maize NK603</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/20406" title="">Monsanto</a>, <a href="/category/thesaurus/sprague-dawley-rats" title="">Sprague Dawley rats</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/7578" title="">Toxicity Studies</a>, <a href="/category/thesaurus/university-caen" title="">University of Caen</a></div>
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<P>출처 : <A href="http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/gm-maize-rats">http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/gm-maize-rats</A><BR><BR>Findings of the Seralini lab on effect of Monsanto’s GM maize on rats set off a global furore</P></DIV><SPAN class=print-link></SPAN><br />
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<P>Three weeks ago, a university institute in Normandy, France, sparked fury, outrage and an astonishingly vicious battle between scientists across the world by publishing results of a two-year animal feeding study. The study involved one of the best known varieties of genetically modified (GM) maize and the most widely used glyphosate-based herbicide. The study was published by a team of scientists led by the highly regarded Gilles-Eric Seralini who heads the Institute of Biology at the University of Caen in France. </P><br />
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<TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,204,204) 4px solid" vAlign=top align=left width=160 rowSpan=2><IMG height=176 alt="GILLES-ERIC SERALINI" src="http://www.downtoearth.org.in/dte/userfiles/images/24-1.jpg" width=150 align=left border=0></TD><br />
<TD>We are surprised by the violent and rapid reactions by scientists within 24 hours. Was it because of their financial interests?</TD></TR><br />
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<TD style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 8px; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,204,204) 4px solid" align=right><EM>— GILLES-ERIC SERALINI, HEAD OF INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF CAEN, FRANCE</EM></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><br />
<P>Seralini and his team of seven conducted a lifetime feeding trial of the herbicide-tolerant maize known as NK603, a product of agribiotech giant Monsanto of the US, and of its extensively used herbicide Roundup, on 200 rats for two years. Roundup kills weeds without harming the crops. It was the first time that the health impact of a GM crop and a widely used pesticide was studied for this length of time and in a more comprehensive manner than studies done by regulatory agencies, industries or by research institutes. The two-year study was designed to correspond with the expected lifetime of a normal rat whereas the industry practice is 90-day study. </P><br />
<P>The team used 100 female and 100 male rats. In both sets, some rats were fed NK603, some the GM maize sprayed with Roundup, and the third group was given drinking water with the lowest permissible limit of Roundup. A fourth, control group was fed a standard diet of the closest variety of non-GM maize. </P><br />
<P>The results were alarming, according to the peer-reviewed paper published in Food and Chemical Toxicology, a journal from the reputed Elsevier stable. Rats that fed on NK603 or given water containing Roundup died much earlier than the rats in the control group and developed hormonal and sex-related effects. Females developed significant mammary tumours, pituitary and kidney problems, while males died mostly from severe kidney failure. Up to 50 per cent of the male rats and 70 per cent of females died prematurely, compared with only 30 per cent and 20 per cent in the control group.</P><br />
<P><SPAN class=standalone-image style="WIDTH: 457px"><IMG title="In female rats, the largest tumours were five times more frequent than in males, with 93 per cent being mammary tumours. These were deleterious to health due to their large size and caused impediments to breathing or nutrition and digestion" height=248 alt="In female rats, the largest tumours were five times more frequent than in males, with 93 per cent being mammary tumours. These were deleterious to health due to their large size and caused impediments to breathing or nutrition and digestion" src="http://www.downtoearth.org.in/dte/userfiles/images/25-1.jpg" width=457 border=0><SPAN class=caption>In female rats, the largest tumours were five times more frequent than in males, with 93 per cent being mammary tumours. These were deleterious to health due to their large size and caused impediments to breathing or nutrition and digestion</SPAN></SPAN></P><br />
<P>The implications are extremely serious, says a press note issued by CRIIGEN, an independent organisation of scientific experts that studies genetically modified organisms (GMO), pesticides and impacts of pollutants on health and environment, on the research results. “They demonstrate the toxicity, both of a GMO with the most widely spread transgenic character and of the most widely used herbicide, even when ingested at extremely low levels (corresponding to those found in surface or tap water).” The scientists point out that these results call into question the adequacy of the current regulatory process which is used the world over in assessing the health risks associated with such products. They, therefore, demand that the market approval for these products should be immediately reviewed and urged the extension of the usual 90-day test to two years for agricultural GMOs. </P><br />
<P>“It was surprising. We didn’t expect the kind of tumours that we saw appearing in the rats in the fourth month (industry trials end at three months) of our experiment,” says Robin Mesnage, member of the Seralini research team who was in India to attend the conference of parties to the Convention on Biodiversity in Hyderabad. “And these tumours in rats eating the Roundup-tolerant GM maize began to appear so much earlier than in the control group.”</P><br />
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<TD style="BORDER-TOP: #000000 3px solid" bgColor=#eaeaea height=25><STRONG>Interview</STRONG></TD></TR><br />
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<TD style="PADDING-LEFT: 10px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px" align=middle><A href="http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/major-health-implications-humans" target=_blank><IMG height=90 alt="MICHAEL ANTONIOU" src="http://www.downtoearth.org.in/dte/userfiles/images/26-1(1).jpg" width=150 align=left border=0></A></TD></TR><br />
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<TD style="PADDING-LEFT: 10px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,238,238) 1px solid"><A style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: rgb(0,84,166); TEXT-DECORATION: none" href="http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/major-health-implications-humans" target=_blank>Major health implications for humans </A></TD></TR><br />
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<TD style="PADDING-LEFT: 10px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; COLOR: #2f2f2f; PADDING-TOP: 5px; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,238,238) 1px solid">Michael Antoniou, head of the Nuclear Biology Group in the UK, has been studying the health effects of genetically modified (GM) crops since 1995.</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD><br />
<TD width=10>&nbsp;</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><br />
<P>Explaining the genesis of the experiment, Mesnage said that the €3.2-million-study was conceived in 2008 when the first of the Seralini team’s researches into the effects of GM maize varieties on mammalian health was nearing completion. Those results which <FONT color=#ee2222>analysed Monsanto’s own 13-week “safety assurance study” by Bruce Hammond et al—the results were published in the very same Food and Chemical Toxicology in 2004—</FONT>had highlighted concerns over new side effects that were sex-related and dose-dependent. “Effects were mostly associated with the kidney and liver,” notes the paper by Seralini and others.</P><br />
<P>To see if the signs of liver and kidney toxicity escalated into something serious, Seralini’s team chose a chronic toxicity protocol as per OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) guidelines, which is the general rule. And as the current paper, “Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize”, shows this, indeed, is the case. </P><br />
<P>But<FONT color=#ee2222> the biotech industry and its cheerleaders have reacted with fury and criticisms that have as quickly been rebutted by independent scientists.</FONT> Rejecting the findings, Monsanto says, “The study does not meet minimum acceptable standards for this type of scientific research, the findings are not supported by the data presented, and the conclusions are not relevant for the purpose of safety assessment.” (See ‘The company’s rebuttal’). It also makes the standard claim that “<FONT color=#ee2222>plant biotechnology has been in use for over 15 years without documented evidence of adverse effects on human or animal health or the environment</FONT>.” </P><br />
<P>Seralini’s professional standing—he has written over 100 scientific articles and has been a member of two French government commissions that oversee risk assessment of GMOs and monitor commercialised GMOs—has not stopped detractors from mounting personal attacks. But support has come from ENSSER (European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility) which says, “The vitriolic attacks evoked by the study reveal the lack of appropriate methodologies for long-term studies to assess the effects of life-time consumption of GM foods.”</P><br />
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<TD><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 15px">Company’s rebuttal </SPAN><br />
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<P><EM>Monsanto, developer of GM NK603 maize and Roundup herbicide, says:</EM></P><br />
<P><IMG height=134 alt=image src="http://www.downtoearth.org.in/dte/userfiles/images/24(5).jpg" width=200 border=0></P><br />
<UL><br />
<LI style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12px; LINE-HEIGHT: 22px">Research protocol does not meet OECD standards<br />
<LI style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12px; LINE-HEIGHT: 22px">Source and quality of maize used is unclear<br />
<LI style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12px; LINE-HEIGHT: 22px">Absence of critical details on diet preparation, dietary intake<br />
<LI style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12px; LINE-HEIGHT: 22px">Lack of data on changes in liver or kidney tissues<br />
<LI style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12px; LINE-HEIGHT: 22px">Mortality rates, tumour incidence fall within historical norms<br />
<LI style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12px; LINE-HEIGHT: 22px">Data presented highly selective<br />
<LI style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12px; LINE-HEIGHT: 22px">Lack of statistical analysis for morta lity/tumour incidence endpoints </LI></UL></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD><br />
<TD width=10>&nbsp;</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><br />
<P>The quickest rejection of the study came from <FONT color=#ee2222>Maurice Moloney</FONT>, institute director and chief executive of Rothamsted Research, who said: “Although this paper has been published in a peer–reviewed journal, there are anomalies throughout the paper that normally should have been corrected or resolved through the peer-review process. For a paper with such potentially important findings, it would have been more satisfying to have seen something with a more conventional statistical analysis.” <FONT color=#ee2222>Moloney, who is said to hold more than 300 patents, was earlier with Calgene where he developed the world’s first transgenic oilseeds, which led to the development of RoundUp Ready Canola and other such crops. Calgene was acquired by Monsanto in 1997. </FONT></P><br />
<P>In response to the criticism, Seralini told Down To Earth that: “<FONT color=#ee2222>We are surprised by the violent and rapid reactions by scientists within 24 hours. Was it because of their financial interests? Or, were they involved in the insufficient assessment of agricultural GMOs on health?”</FONT> But not surprisingly, he adds, “The first reactions have come essentially from people who have not published any peer-reviewed scientific papers on mammalian or human physiological and toxicological studies. This is the case with Maurice Moloney who works on GMO development and patents, not on food safety.”</P><br />
<P>Moloney was the spearhead for a torrent of criticism from the industry and this has caused unease among independent scientists. Says Jack Heinemann, professor of molecular biology and genetics, University of Canterbury, New Zealand: “The reactions appeared shockingly quick and this is a cause for concern because I find it takes time to thoroughly read a scientific paper of this complexity.”</P><br />
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<TD style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,204,204) 4px solid" vAlign=top align=left width=210 rowSpan=2><IMG height=168 alt="JACK HEINEMANN" src="http://www.downtoearth.org.in/dte/userfiles/images/25(23).jpg" width=200 align=left border=0></TD><br />
<TD>The reaction appears shockingly quick. It takes time to thoroughly read a scientific paper of this complexity</TD></TR><br />
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<TD style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; PADDING-TOP: 8px; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,204,204) 4px solid" align=right><EM>— JACK HEINEMANN, PROFESSOR OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS, UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY, NEW ZEALAND</EM></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><br />
<P>While most of the criticism was of a general nature, others were specific, referring to <FONT color=#ee2222>the type of rat used, the kind of statistical analysis, and the interpretation of the response to increasing concentrations of the agrichemicals, Roundup, or GM plant ingredient.</FONT> But here, too, a review of the seven studies of this kind since 2004 shows that all of these used approximately the same number of rats and all were conducted on the same kind of rat (Sprague Dawley) as the study by Seralini’s team. “The 2004 study by Hammond (Monsanto’s) used marginally more rats in the relevant control group, but was in my opinion less powerful statistically because of the inclusion of ‘reference’ control lines that were not fed on the near-isogenic non-GM diet,” says Heinemann who heads the independent Centre for Integrated Research in Biosafety.</P><br />
<P>But the voices of reason have been few in this current controversy which has redrawn ever more sharply the battle lines in the GM controversy. In the US, <FONT color=#ee2222>the Council for Biotechnology Information</FONT>, which speaks for the industry, describes the paper as “a bizarre study by French researchers”. It has put out a statement, among others, by Bruce M Chassy, professor emeritus of food science at the University of Illinois, as saying: “It is a well-planned and cleverly orchestrated media event. The study was designed to produce exactly what was observed and it was deliberately allowed to continue until grotesque and fear-evoking tumors developed.”</P><br />
<P>A clearly annoyed Seralini points out that to get official approval for commercialisation of NK603, Monsanto studied just 10 rats per group and used the same kind of rats. “If 10 rats is too small a number per group to reach a conclusion on safety like some of my critics are saying then NK603 and most agricultural GMOs should be forbidden.”</P><br />
<P>But while scientists are involved in increasingly acrimonious exchanges, governments have acted. Russia, for one, has temporarily suspended the import and sales of NK603 maize until the country is reassured about its safety, the consumer safety watchdog Rospotrebnadzor announced within days of the paper’s publication. It asked scientists at Russia’s Institute of Nutrition to review the study by Seralini et al and sought the comments of the European Commission on it.</P><br />
<P>France, for its part, ordered its food-safety agency Anses to quickly review the study and the Prime Minister pushed up the ante by declaring that his government would seek an immediate ban on the EU imports of the Monsanto product if the study’s findings were found conclusive. He put the scientific validation on fast track, demanding “a fast procedure, about a few weeks, to verify the scientific value of the study”. </P><br />
<P>India is interestingly poised in this controversy. Two years ago, the regulator of the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee gave permission to Monsanto India to conduct bio-safety research trials (second year field trial) on two GM maize hybrids: Hishell and 900M Gold containing stacked events MON 89034 &#038; NK603 at several state agricultural universities. Those trials are over and the company is reportedly awaiting approval for commercial release. Is the regulator taking note of the global uproar over the latest toxicological study?<BR><BR>===========================<BR><BR></P><br />
<H1 class=title>GM maize and its health implications for humans </H1><br />
<DIV class=commentCount><SPAN class=tagLabel>Author(s): </SPAN><A href="http://www.downtoearth.org.in/author/108">Latha Jishnu</A></DIV><br />
<DIV class=issueDate><SPAN class=tagLabel>Date: </SPAN>Oct 31, 2012<BR><A href="http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/gm-maize-and-its-health-implications-humans">http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/gm-maize-and-its-health-implications-humans</A><BR></DIV><!--</p>
<div class="taxonomy-terms"><span class="tagLabel">Tags:</span> <a href="/category/section/interview" title="">Interview</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/20436" title="">Down to earth</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/13586" title="">Europe</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/13602" title="">France</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/5809" title="">GM Crops</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/8604" title="">GMOs</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/6732" title="">Health</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/7313" title="">Health Effects</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/7502" title="">Herbicide</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/20777" title="">Latha Jishnu</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/20406" title="">Monsanto</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/13037" title="">Research</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/7578" title="">Toxicity Studies</a></div>
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<P><STRONG><BR>Michael Antoniou</STRONG>, head of the Nuclear Biology Group in the UK, has been studying the health effects of genetically modified (GM) crops since 1995. He hastens to add, however, that he does no research himself on the issue since his specialisation is human molecular genetics, a subject he teaches at King’s College London School of Medicine. In an interview to <STRONG>Latha Jishnu</STRONG>, he explains why the new research by Seralini et al on long-term toxicity of Monsanto’s Roundup herbicide and Roundup-tolerant GM maize has important pointers to human health risks</P></DIV><SPAN class=print-link></SPAN><br />
<DIV class=all-attached-images></DIV><br />
<P><STRONG><SPAN class=standalone-image style="WIDTH: 200px"><IMG title="Michael Antoniou" height=156 alt="Michael Antoniou" src="http://www.downtoearth.org.in/dte/userfiles/images/26(1).jpg" width=200 align=left border=0><SPAN class=caption>Michael Antoniou</SPAN></SPAN>What are the major takeaways from the research? </STRONG></P><br />
<P>It shows multiple impacts, most acutely in liver and kidney function and immune system disturbances. Most worrying is the extraordinarily large number of tumours developing earlier and more aggressively in the rats. I am shocked because it was so unexpected. </P><br />
<P><STRONG>But there have been other long-term studies. How significant is this study? </STRONG></P><br />
<P>This is unprecedented and very worrying because basically it proves that signs of toxicity in the short-term 90-day trials conducted by the industry actually escalate to serious liver and kidney damage, specially in male rats and lead to premature death. The Seralini study also expanded parameters and looked at something that Monsanto never did. It looked at sex-steroid hormones and also tried to tease out any toxic effects that could have occurred not just from GM maize but the combination of GM and Roundup.</P><br />
<P><STRONG>Any other changes? </STRONG></P><br />
<P>The Seralini lab also added a third feeding dose as per the OECD guidelines whereas Monsanto used only two. In fact, the French team followed the guidelines more scrupulously. </P><br />
<P><STRONG>Does it necessarily mean that it will affect human beings similarly? </STRONG></P><br />
<P><FONT color=#ee2222>It has major health implications not just for the animals which are fed the herbicide-tolerant GM maize (NK603) and the Roundup weedicide but also for human health.</FONT> The rat has always been used as a surrogate for human toxicity. All new pharmaceutical, agricultural and household substances are tested on rats before they are approved for use. This is the best indicator we can get of the likely impact of GM maize on human health. </P><br />
<P><STRONG>But regulators have never insisted even on the 90-day study and have ignored signs of toxicity in such trials. </STRONG></P><br />
<P>Yes, it is worrying that regulators have consistently dismissed the findings of the science of toxicity and not re-evaluated products that have been released in the market. The signs of toxicity in GM crops are very evident and industry and the regulators acknowledge it. But they invoke an incomprehensible concept of “biological insignificance” to dismiss such risks.</P><br />
<P><STRONG>The European regulator EFSA has already rejected the new research of Seralini as “of insufficient scientific quality to be considered as valid for risk assessment”. So what can be done? </STRONG></P><br />
<P>Earlier studies have also shown alarming health risks in animals. Independent scientists must continue to produce compelling research that will force a rethink.</P><br />
<DIV class="field field-type-userreference field-field-interviewee"><br />
<DIV class=field-label>Interviewee:&nbsp;</DIV><br />
<DIV class=field-items><br />
<DIV class="field-item odd">Michael Antoniou </DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></p>
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		<title>[GMO] 세라리니 박사팀 연구결과에 대한 의 대응</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3546</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3546#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 13 Oct 2012 20:37:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[GMO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[glyphosate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[GM Watch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NK603]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[글리포세이트]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[라운드업]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[세라리니]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[안전성]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자조작 옥수수]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[장기독성]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[종양]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[세라리니 박사팀 연구결과에 대한 의 대응비판 1. 세라리니 박사팀의 실험은 국제적으로&#160;공인받은 실험방법을 사용하지 않았다&#160;&#8211;> [반박] 터무니 없는 음해다. 유전자조작(GM) 곡물이나 식품의 안전성을 검증하는 국제적으로 공인받은 실험방법 자체가 존재하지 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><P><FONT size=2>세라리니 박사팀 연구결과에 대한 <GM Watch>의 대응<BR><BR>비판 1. 세라리니 박사팀의 실험은 국제적으로&nbsp;공인받은 실험방법을 사용하지 않았다&nbsp;<BR><BR>&#8211;> [반박] 터무니 없는 음해다. 유전자조작(GM) 곡물이나 식품의 안전성을 검증하는 국제적으로 공인받은 실험방법 자체가 존재하지 않는다. 생명공학&nbsp;기업들과 정부 규제당국은 GM 안전성을 검증하는 공인된 실험방법을 수립하는 것을 반대해왔다. 그래서&nbsp;생명공학 기업들은 자신들의 GM 상품에 대해 자기 마음대로 안전성 실험을 설계해왔던 것이다. 심지어 생명공학 기업들은&nbsp;정부의 규제당국에 안전성 검사 서류를 제출할 때&nbsp;자신들에게 불리한 검사결과들을 &nbsp;제외시켜버리기까지 했다.<BR><BR>비판 2. 실험에 사용한 쥐의 샘플 수가 너무 적다 <BR>&#8211;> [반박]&nbsp; 몬산토가 90일 독성 실험에 사용한 쥐의 샘플도 200마리였다. 세라리니팀은 같은 샘플을 사용했다. 발암성 실험을 위해서는 더 많은 쥐를 샘플로 사용해야 하겠지만, 세라리니팀은 발암성 실험을 한 것이 아니라 독성실험을 수행한 것이다. 왜냐하면 몬산토사의 GM 옥수수가 종양이나 암을 일으킨다는 몬산토사 또는 독립 연구자들의 연구결과가 나온 바가 없기 때문에 발암성 시험을 할 이유가 없었다.<BR><BR>&#8211;> [세라리니팀의 답변 참조] 안전성 심사를 위해 몬산토에서 수행한 실험도 마찬가지로 200마리로 실험했을 뿐이다. 우리 연구에서는 쥐의 일생에 해당하는 2년 동안 장기&nbsp;실험을 했다. 몬산토는 겨우 90일 실험을&nbsp;했을 뿐이다. 독성학적으로도&nbsp;몬산토 실험보다 더 많은 항목들을 연구했다.&nbsp;&nbsp;더 많은 실험을 하기 위해서는 돈이 더 많이 든다. 이번 실험에 들어간 돈이 3200만 유로(약 460억원)나 들었다<BR><BR>비판 3. 세라리니&nbsp;실험은 대조군의&nbsp;수가 부족했다.<BR>&#8211;> [반박]&nbsp; 세라리니 연구팀의 실험은 실험군의 샘플 수(10마리)와 대조군의 샘플 수(10마리)가 똑같았으며, 이것은&nbsp;&nbsp;과학적 연구 관행과 부합한다. 참고용 대조군을 부적절하게 여분으로 더 설정하라고 권유하는 것은 훌륭한 과학적 연구 관행이라 볼 수 없다.&nbsp;그럴 경우 유전자 변형의 독성 효과를 은폐하게 되는 데이타 혼동(<FONT color=#454545> data &#8220;noise&#8221;)</FONT>만 초래할 것이다.<BR><BR>비판 4. 세라리니 실험은 종양에 자연적으로 잘 걸리는 타입의 쥐를 사용했다.<BR>&#8211;> [반박]&nbsp; 실험에 사용한 쥐(Sprague-Dawley)는 만산토사&nbsp;90일 동안의 GMO 독성 연구에도 사용되었으며, 생명공학 기업이나 독립적인 2년 만성독성 연구, 그리고 화학물질의 발암성 연구에 사용되었다. 통제된 실험에서 종양의 자연발생률은 문제가 되지 않는다. 문제는 GMO와 라운드업 농약을 투여한 실험군에서&nbsp;종양 발생이 증가하였다는 것이다. 세라리니팀의 연구에서는 모든 실험군이 암컷이나 수컷모두 큰 종양 발생률이 대조군에 비해 2-~3배 증가했다.<BR><BR>그러나 세라니니팀의 실험은 만성독성에 관한 것이지, 발암성 연구가 아니었다. 몬산토 사의 NK603 유전자조작 옥수수와 라운드업 제초제가 암을 불러일으키는 능력(발암성)이 있다는&nbsp;결론을 도출하기 위해서는 위해서는 2년 동안 실험군 및 성별 당 50마리의 쥐를 사용해야 한다.(세라리니팀은 10마리의 쥐를 사용했다.)&nbsp; 그럼에도 불구하고 종양성 실험결과(종양 발생 수의 증가, 더 어린 연령에 발병, 종양 크기가 더 커지는 공격성)이 NK603 유전자조작 옥수수와 라운드업 제초제를 투여한 실험군에서 눈에 뜨게 두드러지게 나타나기 때문에 대규모의 발암성 연구를 통해 추가 연구를 할 필요가 있다.<BR><BR>&#8211;> [세라리니팀의 답변 참조]&nbsp; 그렇다. 하지만 전 세계적으로 이 쥐(Sprague-Dawley)를 독성학 연구에 많이 사용하고 있다. 이 쥐는 생물학적으로 신체적으로 안정된 수준을 유지할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 게다가 이 쥐는 몬산토를 포함한 산업계가 GM 제품의 안전성을 평가하기 위해 처음 도입한 것이다. 중요한 것은 라운드업 제초제를 사용했건 사용하지 않았건 GM 옥수수를 급여한 쥐들이 질병에 더 빨리 걸렸다는 것이다.&#8221;</FONT><BR><BR>(계속)<BR><BR>GMWatch responds to criticisms of Seralini&#8217;s study</P><br />
<P class=articleinfo><SPAN class=createdate><FONT size=2>Thursday, 11 October 2012 15:49 </FONT></SPAN></P><br />
<P class=buttonheading>&nbsp;출처 : &nbsp;<A href="http://www.gmwatch.org/index.php?option=com_content&#038;view=article&#038;id=14305:gmwatch-responds-to-criticisms-of-seralinis-study">http://www.gmwatch.org/index.php?option=com_content&#038;view=article&#038;id=14305:gmwatch-responds-to-criticisms-of-seralinis-study</A><IMG alt="Attention: open in a new window." src="http://www.gmwatch.org/templates/beez/images/trans.gif"> <A title=Print _onclick="window.open(this.href,'win2','status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'); return false;" href="http://www.gmwatch.org/component/content/article/51-2012/14305-gmwatch-responds-to-criticisms-of-seralinis-study?tmpl=component&#038;print=1&#038;page=" rel=nofollow></A><A title=E-mail _onclick="window.open(this.href,'win2','width=400,height=350,menubar=yes,resizable=yes'); return false;" href="http://www.gmwatch.org/component/mailto/?tmpl=component&#038;link=d23794eb17624ec64f186c31fa05a681381aa7cc"></A></P><br />
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<P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">We&#8217;ve compiled a list of the most common criticisms of Seralini&#8217;s <A href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691512005637" target=_blank>study</A>, which found increased tumours, mortality, and organ damage in rats fed GM maize NK603 over a 2-year period and similar results in rats fed Roundup in tiny amounts, less than levels permitted in food, feed, and drinking water. Our answers follow.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">We&#8217;ll update this document as and when needed.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">1. Seralini&#8217;s experiments do not conform to internationally accepted protocols.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">No such protocols exist for GM food safety testing and industry and regulators have <A href="http://bit.ly/SHCfvm" target=_blank>opposed</A> attempts to establish them. So industry is free to design its own tests on its own products &#8211; or even to leave out inconvenient data from the dossier of tests it submits to regulators.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">2. Groups of rats (sample size) are too small.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Seralini used the same number of rats as Monsanto analysed for blood and urine chemistry in its <A href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691504000547" target=_blank>90-day tests</A> on GM foods and the same number as is recommended in <A href="http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&#038;rct=j&#038;q=&#038;esrc=s&#038;source=web&#038;cd=1&#038;cad=rja&#038;ved=0CCMQFjAA&#038;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdataoecd%2F55%2F19%2F41362977.pdf&#038;ei=3T94ULu1McO30QXnu4GgAw&#038;usg=AFQjCNF5Tbh0WxotwOR2_-85IqSoTiOsyA&#038;sig2=pb5XXRQXqQMcbRLqfrpxaQ" target=_blank>OECD chronic toxicity protocol</A> that Seralini mentioned in his paper. More rats are needed for a carcinogenicity study, but Seralini had no reason to embark on a carcinogenicity study, as no existing data from Monsanto or independent researchers indicated that NK603 GM maize or tiny amounts of Roundup might cause tumours or cancer.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">3. Seralini used an insufficient number of controls.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Seralini&#8217;s control groups were the same size as each treatment dose group, in line with standard scientific practice. It is not good scientific practice to introduce extra irrelevant &#8220;reference&#8221; control groups, though Monsanto has routinely done this in its <A href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691504000547" target=_blank>tests</A> on GM foods. This practice only introduces data &#8220;noise&#8221; which hides any toxic effects of the genetic modification.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">4. Seralini used a type of rat naturally prone to tumours.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat is the standard for Monsanto&#8217;s 90-day tests on GMOs and for industry and independent 2-year chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity tests on chemicals. The &#8220;spontaneous&#8221; rate of tumours does not matter in a controlled experiment &#8211; what matters is the increase in tumours in treatment groups. In Seralini&#8217;s study, all treatments in both sexes increased large tumour incidence by 2–3-fold in comparison to controls. </SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">However, Seralini&#8217;s study was for chronic toxicity, not carcinogenicity. In order to draw conclusions about the cancer-causing ability of NK603 GM maize and Roundup, proper carcinogenicity studies would have to be carried out with a 50 rats per sex per group (as compared with Seralini&#8217;s 10 rats per sex per group) over 2 years to test specifically for this effect. </SPAN>Nevertheless, the findings of tumours (increased number, lower age of onset, and greater aggressiveness) are so striking in the treatment groups that they demand further investigation through a full-scale <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">carcinogenicity</SPAN> study.<BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">5. The fact that 30% of controls got tumours shows this rat is an unreliable model.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Control groups developed some tumours, but treated rats developed more. By the end of the study, 50-80% of female animals had developed tumours in all treated groups, with up to 3 tumors per animal, as against only 30% of controls. Peer-reviewed <A href="http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&#038;rct=j&#038;q=&#038;esrc=s&#038;source=web&#038;cd=2&#038;cad=rja&#038;ved=0CCgQFjAB&#038;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramazzini.it%2Fricerca%2FpdfUpload%2FCancer%2520Medicine%252049-64_2006.pdf&#038;ei=ADt4UIf7AYP80QXak4FI&#038;usg=AFQjCNHW1elM5R8e_ebABFqC65V8c2yykA&#038;sig2=7Qeui3V_JKI_ynlV2Dus1g" target=_blank>data</A> show that the SD rat is an excellent human-equivalent model for predicting cancer in humans in long-term (2-year) studies: it gets around the same number of tumours as humans do over its lifespan. However, it must be remembered that Seralini&#8217;s study was not a carcinogenicity study, not because of the type of rat used, but because of the relatively few numbers of rats per group.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">6. SD rats get tumours when food intake is unrestricted.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The rats in Seralini&#8217;s study had unrestricted access to food and water, but so did the rats in Monsanto&#8217;s <A href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691504000547" target=_blank>90-day studies</A> on GM foods, and so do most humans in real life, so this aspect of Seralini&#8217;s study reflects standard industry testing practices as well as realistic human exposures.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">7. The effects seen in Seralini&#8217;s study are within the historical norms for this type of rat.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The only scientifically valid controls with which treatment groups of rats should be compared are the concurrent controls within the experiment. &#8220;Historical control data&#8221; drawn from a variety of sources should not be used, because in scientific experiments we only test one variable at a time. </SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">In Seralini&#8217;s experiment, the variables, each of which was tested separately, were exposure to NK603 maize, Roundup, and a combination of the two. This excludes the possibility that effects could be due to irrelevant factors such as different environmental conditions in which crops used in the diets were grown (which can produce differences in toxins or nutritional content). Industry studies on GMOs and chemicals often invoke historical control data to mask significant effects of harm found from exposure to the tested substance, but the practice is <A href="http://earthopensource.org/index.php/reports/why-monsantos-attempt-to-disappear-tumours-is-invalid" target=_blank>unscientific</A> and places public health at risk</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">8. No food intake data is presented, so we don&#8217;t know the dose of toxins ingested.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Seralini measured food intake more often than industry studies on GM foods and the absence of data in his published paper does not invalidate the findings observed.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">9. The outcomes including tumour incidence did not follow a linear dose response pattern (where the toxic effect increases as the dose increases). </SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Many toxins, especially those that affect the hormonal system, have nonlinear dose-response patterns – Roundup is one. Scientists have published papers about <A href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419778" target=_blank>nonlinear dose-response patterns</A> since the 1990s, but industry and some risk assessment bodies cling to the outdated toxicological model of linear dose-response.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">10. Outcomes were sex-specific, e.g. the majority of tumours were found in females.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Sex-specific toxic effects are well documented in the scientific literature, including in a <A href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17634926" target=_blank>study</A> on Roundup toxicity in rats and in <A href="http://www.enveurope.com/content/23/1/10" target=_blank>animal studies on GM foods</A>. The sex-specificity of certain toxic effects found in animal feeding trials on GM foods is routinely used by <A href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17900781" target=_blank>industry</A> and <A href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/19r.htm" target=_blank>EFSA</A> as an excuse to dismiss them, but this is scientifically unjustifiable, as sex-specific effects are to be expected when the hormonal system is involved.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">11. No mechanism for the effects observed has been established.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">There is no requirement in any regulatory system to establish mechanism of action for a toxin before regulatory action can be taken, and there is no burden of proof on scientists who find toxic effects to establish a mechanism before they report their findings. This is fortunate because it can take decades to establish mechanism, and sometimes a mechanism is never found.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">12. Seralini&#8217;s study is flawed and should be dismissed.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">No study is perfect. But Seralini&#8217;s is far stronger, in terms of study length, parameters examined, and carefulness of design (which enabled distinction between effects of the genetic modification and the herbicide it is grown with), than the 90-day studies carried out by industry for regulatory approval of GM foods.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></P></DIV></p>
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		<title>[GMO] 세라리니 연구 결과에 제기된 9가지 비판에 대한 답변</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3545</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3545#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 13 Oct 2012 16:02:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[GMO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[glyphosate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NK603]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[글리포세이트]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[라운드업]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[세라리니]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[안전성]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자조작 옥수수]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[장기독성]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[종양]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3545</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[세라리니 박사팀의 유전자조작 옥수와 및 라운드업 제초제의 장기 독성 연구결과에 대한 9가지 비판에 대해 연구에 참여한 공동저자 조엘 스피루(Joel Spiroux) 박사의 답변(반박)입니다. 스피루 박사는 독립연구와 유전공학을 위한 위원회(Committee [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><FONT size=2><FONT color=#2222ee>세라리니 박사팀의 유전자조작 옥수와 및 라운드업 제초제의 장기 독성 연구결과에 대한 9가지 비판에 대해 연구에 참여한 공동저자 <STRONG>조엘 스피루(Joel Spiroux) </STRONG>박사의 답변(반박)입니다. 스피루 박사는 독립연구와 유전공학을 위한 위원회(Committee for Research and Independent Information on Genetic Engineering) 위원장을 맡고 있습니다.</FONT><BR><BR></FONT><FONT color=#000000 size=2>스피루 박사는 쥐 200마리로만 실험한 것은 샘플이 너무 적은 것이 아니냐는 비판에 대해서는 &#8220;안전성 심사를 위해 몬산토에서 수행한 실험도 마찬가지로 200마리로 실험했을 뿐이다. 우리 연구에서는 쥐의 일생에 해당하는 2년 동안 장기&nbsp;실험을 했다. 몬산토는 겨우 90일 실험을&nbsp;했을 뿐이다. 독성학적으로도&nbsp;몬산토 실험보다 더 많은 항목들을 연구했다.&nbsp;&nbsp;더 많은 실험을 하기 위해서는 돈이 더 많이 든다. 이번 실험에 들어간 돈이 3200만 유로(약 460억원)나 들었다&#8221;고 밝혔습니다.<BR><BR></FONT><FONT color=#000000 size=2>실험에 사용한 쥐(Sprague-Dawley)가 종양에 잘 걸리는 타입이다는 비판에 대해서는 &#8220;그렇다. 하지만 전 세계적으로 이 쥐(Sprague-Dawley)를 독성학 연구에 많이 사용하고 있다. 이 쥐는 생물학적으로 신체적으로 안정된 수준을 유지할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 게다가 이 쥐는 몬산토를 포함한 산업계가 GM 제품의 안전성을 평가하기 위해 처음 도입한 것이다. 중요한 것은 라운드업 제초제를 사용했건 사용하지 않았건 GM 옥수수를 급여한 쥐들이 질병에 더 빨리 걸렸다는 것이다.&#8221;고 답변했습니다. <BR><BR>그리고 &#8220;당신들은 암을 연구하는 종양학자가 아니다. 도대체 너네들이 종양에 대해서 아는게 뭐냐?&#8221;는 비판에 대해서는 &#8220;그렇다. 우리는 종양학자가 아니다. 언제 우리가 종양학자라고 했냐? 우리 연구는 독성 연구이지, 발암성 연구가 아니다. 발암성 연구라면 우리와 다른 실험방법으로 했을 것이다. 더군다나 우리의 연구논문의 그 어디에도 종양이 악성(암)이라고 말하지도 않았다. &nbsp;우리 연구에서 쥐들은 섬유선종(fibro-adenomas; 선 조직에서 발생하는 양성 종양)과 각질가시세포종(또는 각질유두종=kerato-acanthomas;일반적으로 전이가 되지 않은 양성종양으로 분류되나&nbsp;적절하게 치료를 받지 않을 경우 6% 정도는 편평상피암(squamous cell carcinoma)이라는 악성종양이 된다.)이었다. 이 종양은 나이든 쥐에서 암으로 바뀔 수 있다.&#8221;고 답변하기도 했습니다.<BR></FONT><BR>자세한 내용은 아래 원문을 읽어보시기 바랍니다.<BR><BR><br />
<P><STRONG><SPAN class="yshortcuts cs4-visible" id=lw_1349975922_0 style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; CURSOR: pointer; COLOR: #366388; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; BORDER-BOTTOM: #366388 2px dotted; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">GMOs</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">: Nine criticisms and nine answers on the Seralini study</SPAN></STRONG><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Dr Joel Spiroux interviewed by Morgane Bertrand</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Le Nouvel Observateur</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">20 Sept 2012</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Article in French: </SPAN><A id=yui_3_2_0_28_1349954783305434 style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #234786; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; outline: 0px" href="http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/ogm-le-scandale/20120920.OBS3130/ogm-9-critiques-et-9-reponses-sur-l-etude-de-seralini.html" target=_blank><SPAN id=lw_1349975922_1>http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/ogm-le-scandale/20120920.OBS3130/ogm-9-critiques-et-9-reponses-sur-l-etude-de-seralini.html</SPAN></A><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">English translation by GMWatch<BR></SPAN><A href="http://www.gmwatch.org/index.php?option=com_content&#038;view=article&#038;id=14306:nine-criticisms-of-seralini-study-answered-by-co-author">http://www.gmwatch.org/index.php?option=com_content&#038;view=article&#038;id=14306:nine-criticisms-of-seralini-study-answered-by-co-author</A><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The publication of the study of Gilles-Eric Seralini confirming toxicity of NK603 maize in rats has attracted much criticism. Dr Joel Spiroux, co-author of the study, responds.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">After the publication of the study by Gilles-Eric Seralini, the first study carried out on rats fed NK603 maize over their whole lifespan, which shows that the toxicity of these GMOs on rats, many criticisms and questions have arisen about the conditions in which the study was carried out and its credibility. Dr Joel Spiroux, co-author and assistant director of the study, and president of Criigen (Committee for Research and Independent Information on Genetic Engineering) responds.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>First criticism: 200 rats is too small a sample for a solid study &#8230;</STRONG></SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">- The sample of 200 rats, 20 rats per group, is the same number of rats used [GMW note: analysed] by Monsanto in its 3-month study. In contrast, we studied many more toxicological endpoints. An experiment with more rats would have cost more money. The study already cost 3.2 million Euro.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The type of rats used, Sprague-Dawley, is known to easily develop tumours &#8230;</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">- Yes, but this type of rat is used the world over for toxicological research. These rats have the advantage of being stable in biological and physical levels. They all pretty much the same profile, the same weight &#8230; These are the rats used from the beginning in the research on GMOs by the firms that produce them, including by Monsanto. And the facts are there: those that were fed GM corn, with or without Roundup, develop more diseases. And much faster.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>Looking closely, male rats fed GM corn does not generally develop more tumours than the controls &#8230;</STRONG></SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">- One must look at the speed which which tumours are triggered. In all three treatment groups of rats, tumours or diseases of the kidneys and liver begin in the 4th month and explode in the 11th and 12th months. Which corresponds to the age of 35 to 40 years in a human. In the control group, tumours occurred mostly at the end of life, in the 23rd and 24th months, which seems to be normal in these rats.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Scientists point to the lack of information on the exact composition of the diet on which rats were fed &#8230;</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></STRONG><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">- These are standard biscuits/chow, the same again as those used by the producers of GMOs in their studies. The only difference is that we have precisely measured the concentration of GM maize: 11% for the first group, 22% for the second and 33% for the third.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The amount of GMO consumed by the rats is more than is consumed by humans&#8230;</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">- Think again. The doses of NK603 maize are comparable to what humans eat over a lifetime in America, where GMOs are sold freely, unlabelled, untraceable. This prevents them being identified as a cause of disease and opens the door to denial. This is why we hear for example that Americans have been eating GMOs for 15 years and are not sick.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The magazine chosen to publish the study, &#8220;Food and Chemical Toxicology,&#8221; is not the most prestigious in the United States.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></STRONG><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">- It is far from being secondary: it is an internationally known scientific journal. Publications are subject to peer review, and the peer reviewers express contradictory opinions. And it&#8217;s the same journal in which Monsanto and other manufacturers publish their counter-studies.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">We also hear that Gilles-Eric Seralini is committedly anti-GM, that he got the results he wanted.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></STRONG><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">- Absolutely not. Gilles-Eric Seralini the Criigen (Committee for Research and Independent Information on Genetic Engineering) and researchers in his lab at the University of Caen are also working on genetically modified organisms, because it gives them access to the knowledge of life. They have nothing against GMOs for the manufacture of drugs. Insulin, for example, is produced from GMOs. This does not prevent me from prescribing it to my patients with diabetes. One can recognize these medicines by the presence on the label of the term &#8220;recombinant protein&#8221;. So yes to GMOs in the pharmaceutical laboratory. However, Gilles-Eric Seralini and we are against agricultural GMOs, because they are inadequately labelled and their long-term toxicity is poorly studied.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">You are not oncologists, what do you know about tumours?</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></STRONG><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">- No, we are not oncologists and have never said otherwise. <FONT color=#ee2244>This is a toxicity study, not a carcinogenicity study,</FONT> which follows other protocols. Moreover, we have nowhere stated that tumours were cancerous. These are fibro-adenomas and kerato-acanthomas [?chirato-acantomes], which can turn into cancer in older rats.</SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><STRONG>A counter-study is needed.</STRONG></SPAN><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">- We agree. We also want a counter-study, but it must be carried out by independent researchers. Not by those who produce studies for manufacturers of GMOs. That is not the position of the EFSA at the moment (European Food Safety Agency).</SPAN></P></p>
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		<title>[GMO]  동영상, 세라리니팀의 연구결과는 GMO산업에겐 폭탄!</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3541</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3541#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 12 Oct 2012 17:09:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[GMO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[glyphosate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NK603]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[글리포세이트]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[라운드업]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[몬산토]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[세라리니]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[안전성]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자조작 옥수수]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[장기독성]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[종양]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[폭탄]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3541</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[동영상GMO, Global Alert http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Njd0RugGjAg&#038;feature=player_embedded프랑스 칸대학의 세라리니 교수팀이 2년에 걸쳐 쥐 200마리를 대상으로 몬산토사의유전자조작 옥수수(NK603)와 라운드업 제초제의 장기 독성에 관한 충격적인 연구결과를 온라인 최신호에 발표했습니다. 실험결과는 충격적이었습니다.&#160;유투브에 동영상을 게시한 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>동영상<BR><BR><SPAN class=" " id=eow-title dir=ltr title="GMO, Global Alert">GMO, Global Alert <BR><BR><A href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Njd0RugGjAg&#038;feature=player_embedded">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Njd0RugGjAg&#038;feature=player_embedded</A><BR><BR>프랑스 칸대학의 세라리니 교수팀이 2년에 걸쳐 쥐 200마리를 대상으로 몬산토사의<BR>유전자조작 옥수수(NK603)와 라운드업 제초제의 장기 독성에 관한 충격적인 연구결과를<BR><식품 및 화학적 독성(Food and Chemical Toxicology)> 온라인 최신호에 발표했습니다.<BR><BR><!--StartFragment--><br />
<P class=바탕글>실험결과는 충격적이었습니다.&nbsp;유투브에 동영상을 게시한 François Le Bayon은<BR>세라리니팀의 연구결과가 &#8220;GMO 산업계에겐 폭탄이다&#8221;고 표현했네요.<BR>정말 적절한 표현인 것 같습니다.<BR><BR>세라리니팀이 발표한 논문을 보면&#8230;<BR>유전자조작(GM) 옥수수나 라운드업을 투여한 암컷 쥐들은 대조군에 비해 2~3배나 <BR>더 많이 사망했으며, 그것도 더 빨리 죽었습니다. <BR><BR>이러한 차이는 수컷 쥐에서도 나타났지요. 모든 실험 결과들은 호르몬 및 성(sex)에 <BR>의존적인 것으로 나타났으며, 병리학적 분석에서도 유사한 결과가 나왔습니다. <BR><BR>암컷 쥐들은 대규모 유선종양이 나타났으며, 뇌하수체에 이상 증상이 그 다음으로 많이 <BR>나타났습니다. 세라리니 연구팀은 GMO와 라운드업 제초제 때문에 성 호르몬의 균형이 <BR>변형되었기 때문에 이러한 결과가 나온 것으로 추정했습니다. <BR><BR>GMO와 라운드업을 투여한 수컷 쥐에서도 간 종대 및 괴사가 대조군보다 2.5~5.5배 더 <BR>높게 나타났습니다. 이러한 병리학적 소견은 육안으로도 확인되었을 뿐만 아니라, <BR>전자현미경 검사로도 확인할 수 있었습니다. GMO와 라운드업을 투여한 수컷 쥐는 <BR>대조군보다 현저하게 심한 신장병이 1.3~2.3배 더 나타났습니다. 손으로 촉진할 수 있는 <BR>큰 종양이 4배나 더 많이 확인되었는데, 어떤 경우엔 대조군보다 600일이나 빨리 <BR>발생했습니다. <BR><BR>생화학적 검사 결과에서도 아주 중요한 만성적 신장 결함이 나타났습니다. GMO와 <BR>라운드업을 투여한 암컷 쥐와 수컷 쥐의 76%에서 신장 관련 수치가 변화하였습니다.<BR>&nbsp;<BR>연구팀은 이러한 결과가 라운드업 제초제의 비선형적인 내분비 교란물질 효과뿐만 아니라, GMO 안에 들어있는 이식 유전자의 과도한 발현 및 그 대사 결과로도 설명할 수 있다고 <BR>밝혔습니다.<BR>&nbsp;<BR>현재 세라리니 박사팀의 연구결과를 둘러싸고 전 세계적으로 논쟁이 진행 중입니다. <BR>만일 세라리니 박사팀의 연구 결과가 과학적으로 인정을 받을 경우, GM 안전성과 관련한 <BR>세계 각국의 정책에 아주 큰 영향을 끼칠 것으로 예상됩니다. </P>More information <A class=yt-uix-redirect-link dir=ltr title=http://www.gmo-global-alert.net href="http://www.gmo-global-alert.net/" target=_blank rel=nofollow><FONT color=#1c62b9>http://www.gmo-global-alert.net</FONT></A></SPAN></p>
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		<title>[GMO] 유럽식품기준청, 세라리니 교수팀 연구결과 부적절 의견</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3533</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3533#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 06 Oct 2012 12:38:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[GMO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[glyphosate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NK603]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[글리포세이트]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[라운드업]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[세라리니]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[안전성]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자조작 옥수수]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[장기독성]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[종양]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[10월 4일자 로이터통신이 유럽연합식품기준청(EFSA)에서 칸 대학의 세라리니 교수팀의 GM 옥수수 및 라운드업 장기독성 연구결과가 유효한 위험평가로고려하기엔 과학적 질이 부적절하다는 의견을 발표했다고 보도했습니다. EU panel says University of Caen [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>10월 4일자 로이터통신이 유럽연합식품기준청(EFSA)에서 칸 대학의 <BR>세라리니 교수팀의 GM 옥수수 및 라운드업 장기독성 연구결과가 유효한 위험평가로<BR>고려하기엔 과학적 질이 부적절하다는 의견을 발표했다고 보도했습니다. </FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>EU panel says University of Caen Study of Monsanto GM Corn Inadequate <BR>October 4, 2012&nbsp; By Charlie Dunmore<BR></FONT><A href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/10/04/us-eu-gmo-monsanto-idUKBRE8930WL20121004"><FONT size=2>http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/10/04/us-eu-gmo-monsanto-idUKBRE8930WL20121004</FONT></A></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>유럽연합식품기준청의 보도자료는 아래와 같습니다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>EFSA publishes initial review on GM maize and herbicide study <BR>Press Release 4 October 2012 <BR></FONT><A href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/121004.htm"><FONT size=2>http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/121004.htm</FONT></A></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><BR><FONT size=2>EFSA의 initial review에서 발표된 논문만으로는 실험의 설계(design), 연구의 보고 <BR>및 분석이 부적절하며&#8230; EFSA 당국에서 세라리니 박사 등 저자들을 초청하여 <BR>추가적인 정보를 공유해야 연구결과를 완전히 이해할 수 있다고 밝혔습니다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>그런데 모순적인 것은 EFSA는 세라리니 연구팀의 결과를 과학적으로 건전하다고<BR>인정할 수 없다고 먼저 못을 박은 것입니다. </FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>그도 그럴것이 EFSA는 자체 독성실험을 수행하지도 않고 몬산토가 제출한<BR>자료만으로 이미&nbsp; genetically modified (GM) maize NK603를 안전하다는 결론을<BR>내리고 그 결과를 대중에게 공표한 상태입니다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>세라리니 교수는 EFSA가 먼저 GM maize NK603이 안전하다는 결론에 이른<BR>세부 연구자료를 공개하라고 압박하면서&#8230; EFSA는 자신들의 결론에 대해<BR>추가적인 정보를 공개하지 않으면서&#8230; 칸대학 연구팀에 실험 세부자료를 공개<BR>하라고 주장하는 것은 불공정한 게임이라며 비판하고 있습니다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>EFSA의 주장중 가장 황당한 것은 세라리니 연구팀의 실험 설계와 방법에 대해<BR>수많은 문제제기가 있는 상황이기 때문에&#8230; EFSA는 자신들이 수행한 몬산토의<BR>NK603 유전자조작 옥수수에 대해서 안전성을 재평가하지도 않을 것이며,<BR>현재 진행중인 glyphosate 제초제(라운드업)에 평가에도 이번 연구결과를 고려하지<BR>않을 것이라고 밝혔습니다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>EFSA의 initial review는 도저히 과학적 태도라고 봐줄 수 없습니다. <BR>장기독성 실험을 통한 데이터를 가지고 NK603 옥수수나 라운드업의 안전성을<BR>주장해야 하고&#8230; EFSA의 실험결과도 피어 리뷰를 거친 학술지에 게재되어<BR>세라리니 교수팀의 주장을 반박하는 것이 과학적 태도인데&#8230; 과학적 근거도<BR>없는 몇몇 GM 옹호 나팔수들의 일방적 주장 또는 논평에 기대서 2년간 장기독성<BR>실험을 수행한 세라리니 연구팀의 연구결과가 건전한 과학이라고 볼 수 없다고<BR>선동을 하고 있다고 판단됩니다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><BR><FONT size=2>EFSA가 주장하는 initial review의 주요 발견의 비판 내용의 상당 부분은<BR>세라리니 연구팀이 반박을 통해 해명되었고&#8230; 의문이나 미진한 점은 추가연구를<BR>통해 규명해야 할 과제로 남아 있습니다. 특히 세라리니팀의 결과에서 <BR>종양이 발생한 기전은 앞으로 밝혀내야 할 부분입니다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>세라리니 연구팀의 연구진실성 규명을 위해서는 쥐의 전 생애인 2년이라는 <BR>장기간을 대상으로 한 독성실험 재현이 가장 중요합니다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>아직 세라리니팀의 연구결과가 과학적 진실이라고 속단하기는 어려운<BR>상황이지만&#8230; 추가적인 연구를 수행하지도 않고 세라리니팀의 연구결과가<BR>과학적 허위라거나 건전한 과학이 아니라는 주장은 광고나 선동에 불과하지<BR>과학은 아니라고 생각합니다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><BR><FONT size=2>[참고] EFSA가 주장하는 initial review의 주요 발견</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>1. 실험용 주의 strain이 문제가 있다. <BR>2. 저자들은 10개의 실험군을 나누면서 대조군을 1개만 설정했다.<BR>3. OECD 가이드라인을 따르지 않았다.<BR>4. 최소한 50마리의 쥐로 실험군을 구성해야 하는데, 세라리니팀은 10마리로<BR>실험군을 구성했다.<BR>5. 저자들은 실험의 목적에 대해 밝히지 않았다.실험목적은 연구설계, 적절한<BR>샘플 크기, 데이터를 분석하는데 쓰이는 통계방법 등을 결정하는데 아주 중요하다.<BR>6. 쥐에게 급여한 사료의 성분에 대해 정보를 제공하지 않았다. 사료를 어떻게<BR>저장하였으며, 마이코톡신 같은 위해한 물질에 오염되었는지에 대한 정보를<BR>밝히지 않았다.<BR>7. 쥐가 라운드업 제초제를 어떻게 섭취했고, 어떻게 노출되었는지 적절하게 <BR>평가할 수 없다. 저자들의 보고서엔 식물에 제초제를 분무했으며, 특정 농도로<BR>쥐의 음수에 섞어서 급여했다는 내용만 나오지 쥐들이 소비한 사료 및 물의<BR>전체양에 대한 자세한 정보가 없다.<BR>8. 세라리니팀의 논문은 일반적으로 사용하는 통계학적 분석방법을 사용하지 <BR>않았다. <BR>9. 병변(lesions), 다른 종양 및 관찰된 것들에 대한 관련 정보를 포함한<BR>연구에서 측정된 것이 무엇인지와 같은 많은 종결점에 대해 보고서에서 <BR>밝히지 않았다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>[참고] □ 세라리니 2012 논문에 학계의 비판과 대응</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>비판 1. 실험동물을 잘못 선택했다고 지적 &#8211; 실험동물로 사용한 Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats는 종양이 잘 생기는<BR>경향이 있다. 따라서 GM 옥수수나 라운드업 제초제로 인해<BR>종양이 발생했다는 결론을 도출할 수 없다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>->[반박]</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>이 비판의 가장 큰 맹점은 대조군과 비교해 볼 때 GM 옥수수나 라운드업<BR>제초제에 노출된 실험군에서 종양이 더욱 현저하게 많이 발생했다는 사실을 무시한다는 점이다. 세라리니 연구팀은 이탈리아의<BR>라마니찌니 연구소(Ramazzini Institute)에서 the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat은 장기 발암성<BR>연구를 위한 뛰어난 human-equivalent model이라는 확립된 선행 연구결과<BR>(</FONT><A href="http://www.ramazzini.it/ricerca/admin/docup/Bruxelles%209-12-2011%20FB.pdf"><FONT size=2>http://www.ramazzini.it/ricerca/admin/docup/Bruxelles%209-12-2011%20FB.pdf</FONT></A><BR><FONT size=2>pp 13-16)가 있음을 근거로 자신들의 연구에서 실험동물의 문제가 없다고 반박했다.<BR>European Experimental Laboratory (EEL) GLP 인증을 받은 이탈리아의 라마니찌니<BR>연구소(Ramazzini Institute)는 the Sprague-Dawley (SD) 쥐의 암 패턴은 인간을<BR>정확하게 반영하는 거울로 밝혀졌다고 했다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>실제로 SD 쥐는 나이가 들어감에 따라서 자연발생적으로 보다 더 많은 암이 발생하지만, 인간의 경우도 마찬가지이다. 인간처럼<BR>SD 쥐도 환 속에서 발암인자에<BR>노출되어 암으로 발전한다. 여기에 한 가지 더 덧붙이자면, 산업계에서 규제목적으로 사용하기 위해 살충제＊화학물질, GM 식품의<BR>발암성 및 만성 독성 연구에 바로 SD rat을 사용하여 연구한 논문이 수백 편이 넘는다는 사실이다. 따라서 세라리니팀의<BR>비판자들의 주장처럼&nbsp; S-D rat이 &#8216;잘못된 실험동물&#8217;이라면 SD rat 실험을 근거로 승인된<BR>모든 살충제, 화학물질, GM 식품의 승인이 취소되어야 할 것이다.<BR>(</FONT><A href="http://www.gmwatch.org/latest-listing/51-2012/14208"><FONT size=2>http://www.gmwatch.org/latest-listing/51-2012/14208</FONT></A><FONT size=2>)</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>[개인적 의견] 실험에 사용된 rat line 선정의 문제에 관한 논란은 세라리니 교수팀의 해명으로 충분한 것으로 판단된다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>비판 2. 대조군의 숫자가 너무 적다. 실험용 쥐에서 나타난 무작위적인 변이(random variation)가 종양으로 발전한<BR>것처럼 보일 수 있다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>에든버러 대학의 세포생물학자 앤서니 트레와바스(Anthony Trewavas ) 교수는 &#8220;이 연구에 겨우 200마리의 쥐가<BR>사용됐을 뿐이라면서 이는 의미 있는 결론을 도출하기엔 너무 적은 수&#8221;라고 지적했다. 그는 연구를 이끈 질-에릭 세라리니 교수가<BR>GM 반대운동가이며 GM 기술의 안전성에 의문을 제기한 그의 이전 연구들도 검증되지 않은 것이라고 비판했다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>&#8211;> [대응]</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>OECD 가이드라인에 따르면, 실험군이 20마리이므로 대조군도 20마리(숫놈 10마리 + 암놈 10마리)로 하는 것이<BR>적절하다. 종양의 발생빈도를 측정하기 위해 20마리의 대조군을 설정하는 것은 충분하다. 수백 마리를 실험할 필요가 없다. 만일<BR>앤서니 트레와바스 교수의 주장을 믿는 사람이 있다면, 그는 마땅히 몬산토 등 산업계를 포함한 다른 연구자들이 수행한 연구결과도<BR>역시 부적절하다고 동의해야 할 것이다.(몬산토가 미 식약청의 승인을 위해 제출한 실험자료에서도 실험군 20마리, 대조군<BR>10마리였다)</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>가장 중요한 사실은 대조군과 실험군에서 각각 종양 발생빈도가 아주 큰 차이로 나타났다는 점이다. 실험용 쥐에서 나타난<BR>무작위적인 변이(random variation)가 종양으로 발전한 것이라는 주장은 옳지 않다. 대조군과 실험군 사이의 차이는<BR>두 군의 표준편차보다 훨씬 크다. 세라리니 박사팀의 연구에서는 대조군과 실험 사이차 차이가 아주 크기 때문에 통계학적 테스트를<BR>사용할 필요가 전혀 없다. 이 연구에서는 실험군에 더 많은 쥐를 사용했으며, 그동안 산업계(몬산토)가 NK603 GM 옥수수와<BR>다른 GM 작물 제품의 승인을 받기 위해 실시한 이전의 조사(90일 독성시험)와 비교해서도 보다 더 장기간 실험을 실시했다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>[개인적 의견] 세라리니 박사팀의 연구결과를 반박하기 위해서는 적절하다고 주장하는 대조군과 실험군의 규모로 장기 독성 실험을<BR>실시하여 &#8216;안전성&#8217;을 입증하는 것이 옳다고 생각한다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>비판 3. 통계적 분석의 오류가 있다. 표준적 방법을 사용하지 않았다. 통계수치를 낚시질(statistical fishing trip)했다</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>&#8212;> [대응] 통계학적 분석은 데이터 조합의 다양한 조합을 평가하기 위해 사용할 수 있는 수많은 유효한 방법 중 하나이다.<BR>연구팀의 구성원 중&nbsp; 통계전문가가 있었으며, 연구팀의 결과는 통계수치를 낚시질한 것이 아니다. 간과 신장의 수 많은<BR>parameter가 보여주는 중요성과 테이블 1 및 2에서 집중적으로 조명한 내용들을 보면 알 수 있다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>[개인적 의견] 통계학적 논란은 개인적으로 잘 모르는 분야라서 어떻게 평가해야 할 지 모르겠다. 다만 세라리니 연구팀을<BR>비판하는 학자들이 통계분석의 오류가 어떤 것인지 구체적으로 제시하고, 자신들이 표준적 방법이라고 주장하는 방법을 사용하여<BR>제대로 된 통계적 분석을 실시해서 제출하지 않은 점은 조금 이상하다고 생각한다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>비판 4. 쥐 사료 섭취량에 대한 데이터가 전혀 업으며, 옥수수 사료가 진균(곰팡이)에 오염되었을 가능성이 있다. 진균 오염은<BR>결과에 영향을 미칠 수 있다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>&#8212;> [대응]</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>실험용 쥐들은 사료 및 물에 무제한으로 접근할 수 있었으며, 실험군과 대조군 사이에 사료 소비량 및 음수 수준의 차이가<BR>없었다. 다만 가장 높은 농도의 라운드업 살충제를 희석한 실험군은 예외였는데, 이들은 물을 보다 적에 마셨다. 아마도 고농도의<BR>살충제 때문에 물맛이 달라졌기 때문으로 추정된다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>모든 사료는 생화학적 분석을 통해 영양학적으로 동등하며 어떤 독소도 검출되지 않았다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>[개인적 의견] 연구팀의 해명으로 의혹이 해소된 것으로 판단된다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>비판 5. 왜 실험군의 몇몇 개체는 대조군보다도 더 건강했는가? 대조군 내의 수컷의 조기 사망률이 30%에 이르는 것을 어떻게 설명할 것인가?</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>&#8211;> [대응]</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>그림 1 및 2의 사망률과 종양 발생률을 보면 알 수 있듯이, 실험군의 몇몇 개체는 대조군과 비교해서 건강상태가 현저하게 더<BR>좋다거나 나쁘다고 할 수 없다. 물론 수컷 분만 아니라 암컷 대조군에서도 조기 사망 개체가 있었다. 그러나 그 수준은 대부분의<BR>실험군에서 관찰된 것에 비해 여전히 낮은 수준이라고 할 수 있다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>[개인적 의견] 몇몇 흡연자의 장수를 근거로 흡연과 폐암 발생이 연관관계가 없다고 주장할 수 없듯이 예외적인 개별차는 존재할<BR>수 있다. 이러한 예외를 이런 방식으로 문제 삼으면 의과학 연구의 대부분은 폐기될 수 밖에 없을 것이다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>[비판 6] 플로리다 대학의 식물분자학자 켈빈 플로타(Kevin Folta)는 GM 옥수수를 투여한 실험군에서 유전자조작<BR>옥수수가 비난을 받을 만큼 종양 발생률이 증가하지 않았다고 주장했다. 과학자들이 기대한만큼은 아니라는 것이다. 그는 소규모 쥐<BR>집단에서 정상적인 종양 발생률의 변이를 보는 것과 똑같다고 주장했다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>&#8211;> 연구팀은 이 논문에서 용량을 증가하면 독성효과도 증가한다는 규칙적인 독성 효과를 다루지 않았다. 연구팀이 발견한 것은<BR>호르몬 체계 혼란으로 야기된 것인데, 노출에 대한 반응이 U 또는 G 모양으로 나타나는 비선형 현상(nonlinear<BR>effects)으로 알려진 것이다. 예를 들면, 낮은 용량으로도 효과가 나타날 수 있고, 높은 용량에서도 아무런 효과가<BR>나타나지 않을 수 있으며, 높은 용량에서도 반응을 보이기도 한다(U-형 반응). 말하자면 라운드 업(즉 실질적 성분인<BR>글리포세이트)를 투여한 쥐에서 나타날 것으로 예상되었던 비선형 현상은 내분비계를 혼란시키는 것으로 알려졌다. 아울러 이번<BR>사레에서 역치 효과는 낮은 용량으로 신체를 완전히 파괴할 수 있는 것으로 나타낫으며, 높은 용량에서는 추가적인 효과가 나타나지<BR>않았다. (Hormones and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Low Dose Effects<BR>and Nonmonotonic Dose Responses, Vandenberg 를 참고하라)</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>[비판 7] 종양이 발생하는 기전이 불분명하다. 왜 유전자조작 옥수수가 종양을 일으키는가? 왜 라운드업 살충제가 종양을 일으킬 수 있는가?</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>&#8212;> [대응]</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>이러한 질문은 앞으로 추가적 연구를 통해 해명되어야 할 내용이다. 다만, 세라리니 교수팀은 유전자조작 옥수수가 라운드업 살충제<BR>없이도 EPSPS GM&nbsp; 유전자로 인해서 간이나 유선에 영향을 끼치고 있다는 가설을 제기하고 있다. GM&nbsp; 유전자의 기능은<BR>저자들이 발견한 유전자조작 옥수수가 암과 유선종양을 발생하지 않게 보호하는 역할을 하는 caffeic and ferulic<BR>acids의 양을 거의 50%까지 낯춘다는 사실과 관련이 있을 것으로 추정된다. 더군다나 이러한 phenolic acids와<BR>특히 ferulic acid는 라운드업에 포함된 글리포세이트가 작용하는 것처럼 에스트로겐 호르몬의 기능을 조절할 수 있다.<BR>향후 연구는 이러한 가설이 중요한 관여 인자인지를 확실히 밝혀줄 것이며, GM 변환 과정의 돌연변이 효과로부터 발생한 장애와<BR>같은 다른 원인이 있는지 규명해줄 것이다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>[비판 8] 올해 발간된 24개 연구결과에 대한 리뷰 공동저자인 파리 11대학 및 펜실바니아 주립대학의 유전학자 Agnes<BR>Ricroch는 이번 연구결과는 닭, 쥐, 생쥐, 메추라기, 원숭이, 물고기를 포함한 동물에 GM 사료의 안전성을 조사한 다른<BR>장기 독성 연구결과와 완전히 다르다고 주장했다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>&#8211;> 이번 유전자조작 옥수수의 장기 독성 연구와 GM 사료를 사용한 다른 동물의 연구결과를 비교하는 것은 과학적으로<BR>부적절하다. 동물에 따라 해부 및 생화학이 차이가 있다. GM 사료마다 구성성분도 차이가 있다. 동일한 성분을 가진 GM을<BR>투여한 동일한 동물의 실험결과를 비교해야 한다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>세라리니 교수팀의 연구결과는 특정 라운드업 내성 GM 옥수수(NK603 GM maize)를 대상으로 실시한 최초의 장기독성<BR>연구이다. NK603을 대상으로 한 사전 실험은 EU에 승인을 요청하기 위한 절차의 일부분으로 산업계(몬산토)에 의해 수행된<BR>90일 사료 투여 연구가 유일하다. 업계의 실험은 단지 2개의 용량(11%, 22%)만 실시했으며, 분석 범위도 훨씬<BR>협소했다. 그러나 이러한 단기 사료급여 시험 데이터를 정밀하게 독립적으로 분석했을 때 간 독성 및 신장 독성의 징후가<BR>나타났다. Agnes Ricroch가 언급한 24개의 GM 급여 연구는 세라리니 연구팀의 실험과 비교해보았을 때 대부분<BR>단기에서 중기(90일)의 기간동안 수행되었으며, 장기 및 생화학 기능의 검사 범위도 협소했다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>Agnes Ricroch가 리뷰한 24개의 논문 중 몇몇 연구에서는 GM 콩이나 옥수수 섭취가 원인이 된 통계학적으로 중요한<BR>간독성과 신장 독성, 그리고 면역계의 독성 징후가 드러났다. 그럼에도 불구하고 그는 이러한 점들에 관해 추가적인 연구조사를<BR>실시하지 않고 생물학적 적합성이 없다며 무시하였다. 이러한 초기 독성 징후에도 불구하고,&nbsp; 그는 리뷰를 통해 단기 및 중기<BR>독성연구에서 나타난 현상을 알아보보기 위한 추가적 연구하도록 권고하지도 않았다. 세라리니 교수팀의 연구는 2년에 이르는 쥐<BR>전생애 연구를 통해 단기 및 중기 독성연구에서 부족한 부분을 채웠으며, 아주 심각한 우려를 제기하는 hard data를<BR>제시하였다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>[비판 9] 미국에서는 오랜 기간동안 GM 식품이 식품체계로 편입되어왔다. 왜 미국인들과 동물들에서 보다 많은 종양이<BR>발생하거나 조기 사망하는 일이 발생했다는 증거가 없는 것일까? 왜 미국인들은 마치 파리가 떨어지듯이(dropping like<BR>flies)” 쓰러져 죽지 않는 것일까?</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>&#8212;> [대응]</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>대부분의 GM 작물은 가축에게 사료로 투여되고 있으며, 가축들은 고기나 우유 생산을 위해 상대적으로 짧은 생애를 살고 있다.<BR>바로 이러한 이유 때문에 종양이 발달할 충분한 시간이 없었을 것이다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><FONT size=2>미국인들은&nbsp; GM 식품(콩, 옥수수)를 가공식품의 상당한 양 가운데 상대적으로 아주 짧은 시간동안 섭취해왔다. 이 정도의<BR>시간은 종양이 발생하는것을 알아챌 수 있을 만큼의 장기간의 효과가 나타나기엔 너무 짧은 기간이었을 것으로 추정된다. 그러나<BR>우리는 미국에서 GM식품의 표시제(labelling)도 실시하지 않고 있으며, 인구집단에서 ill-effects가 나타나는지<BR>모니터링도 하지 않고 있다는 것을 유념해야 한다. 그러므로 미국에서 GM 식품이 건강 상 해로운 영향을 끼쳤다고 하더라도<BR>검사를 통해 확인될 수 없었다고 봐야 한다.</FONT></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><A href="http://research.sustainablefoodtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Response-to-criticisms.pdf"><FONT size=2>http://research.sustainablefoodtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Response-to-criticisms.pdf</FONT></A></P><br />
<P sizcache="4" sizset="5"><BR><FONT size=2>=========================<BR><BR></FONT></P><br />
<DIV><br />
<H1><FONT size=2>EFSA publishes initial review on GM maize and herbicide study </FONT></H1></DIV><br />
<DIV class=newspr-detail sizcache="61" sizset="16"><FONT size=2><SPAN class=type>Press Release</SPAN> <BR></FONT><FONT size=2><SPAN class=dates>4 October 2012 <BR></SPAN><BR></FONT><A href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/121004.htm"><FONT size=2>http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/121004.htm</FONT></A><BR><BR><br />
<DIV class=chapo><br />
<P><FONT size=2>The European Food Safety Authority has concluded that a recent paper raising concerns about the potential toxicity of genetically modified (GM) maize NK603 and of a herbicide containing glyphosate is of insufficient scientific quality to be considered as valid for risk assessment.</FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT size=2>EFSA’s initial review found that the design, reporting and analysis of the study, as outlined in the paper, are inadequate. To enable the fullest understanding of the study the Authority has invited authors Séralini <EM>et al </EM>to share key additional information.</FONT></P></DIV><br />
<P><FONT size=2>Such shortcomings mean that EFSA is presently unable to regard the authors’ conclusions as scientifically sound. The numerous issues relating to the design and methodology of the study as described in the paper mean that no conclusions can be made about the occurrence of tumours in the rats tested.</FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT size=2>Therefore, based on the information published by the authors, EFSA does not see a need to re-examine its previous safety evaluation of maize NK603 nor to consider these findings in the ongoing assessment of glyphosate.</FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT size=2>EFSA assessed the paper against recognised good scientific practices, such as internationally agreed study and reporting guidelines.</FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT size=2>Per Bergman, who led EFSA’s work, said: “<EM>Some may be surprised that EFSA’s statement focuses on the methodology of this study rather than its outcomes; however, this goes to the very heart of the matter. When conducting a study it is crucial to ensure a proper framework is in place. Having clear objectives and the correct design and methodology create a solid base from which accurate data and valid conclusions can follow. Without these elements a study is unlikely to be reliable and valid.”</EM></FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT size=2>The Director of Scientific Evaluation of Regulated Products added that the consideration of possible long-term effects of GMOs has been, and will continue to be, a key focus of EFSA’s work to protect animals, humans and the environment.</FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT size=2>EFSA’s preliminary review issued today is the first step in a two-stage process. A second analysis will be delivered by the end of October 2012. &nbsp;This will take into account any additional information from the study authors, who will be given an opportunity to supply study documentation and procedures to the Authority to ensure the broadest possible understanding of their work. It will also include an overview of Member State assessments of the paper and an analysis from the German authorities responsible for the assessment of glyphosate.</FONT></P><br />
<P><STRONG><FONT size=2>Main findings of Initial Review</FONT></STRONG></P><br />
<P><FONT size=2>The task force, whose members were drawn from the Authority’s GMO, pesticide and scientific assessment units, has outlined a list of issues about the paper that would need to be resolved before it could be viewed as well-conducted and properly-reported study.</FONT></P><br />
<UL sizcache="60" sizset="16"><br />
<LI nodeIndex="1"><FONT size=2>The strain of rat used in the two-year study is prone to developing tumours during their life expectancy of approximately two years. This means the observed frequency of tumours is influenced by the natural incidence of tumours typical of this strain, regardless of any treatment. This is neither taken into account nor discussed by the authors. </FONT><br />
<LI nodeIndex="2"><FONT size=2>The authors split the rats into 10 treatment sets but established only one control group. This meant there was no appropriate control for four sets – some 40% of the animals &#8211; all of whom were fed GM maize treated or not treated with a herbicide containing glyphosate. </FONT><br />
<LI nodeIndex="3"><FONT size=2>The paper has not complied with internationally-recognised standard methods – known as protocols &#8211; for setting up and carrying out experiments. Many of these procedures are developed by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). </FONT><br />
<LI nodeIndex="4"><FONT size=2>For a study of this type, the relevant OECD guideline specifies the need for a minimum of 50 rats per treatment group. Séralini <EM>et al</EM> used only 10 rodents per treatment set. The low number of animals used is insufficient to distinguish between the incidence of tumours due to chance rather than specific treatment effects. </FONT><br />
<LI nodeIndex="5"><FONT size=2>The authors have not stated any objectives, which are the questions a study is designed to answer. Research objectives define crucial factors such as the study design, correct sample size, and the statistical methods used to analyse data &#8211; all of which have a direct impact on the reliability of findings. </FONT><br />
<LI nodeIndex="6"><FONT size=2>No information is given about the composition of the food given to the rats, how it was stored or details of harmful substances – such as mycotoxins – that it might have contained. </FONT><br />
<LI nodeIndex="7"><FONT size=2>It is not possible to properly evaluate the exposure of the rats to the herbicide as intake is not clearly reported. The authors report only the application rate of the herbicide used to spray the plants and the concentration added to the rats’ drinking water but report no details about the volume of the feed or water consumed. </FONT><br />
<LI nodeIndex="8"><FONT size=2>The paper does not employ a commonly-used statistical analysis method nor does it state if the method was specified prior to starting the study. The validity of the method used is queried and there are questions over the reporting of tumour incidence. Important data, such as a summary of drop outs and an estimation of unbiased treatment effects have not been included in the paper. </FONT><br />
<LI nodeIndex="9"><FONT size=2>Many endpoints – what is measured in the study – have not been reported in the paper. This includes relevant information on lesions, other than tumours, that were observed. EFSA has called on the authors to report all endpoints in the name of openness and transparency. </FONT></LI></UL><br />
<UL sizcache="60" sizset="25"><br />
<LI sizcache="9" sizset="17" nodeIndex="1"><A href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2910.htm"><FONT size=2>Review of the Séralini et al. (2012) publication on a 2-year rodent feeding study with glyphosate formulations and GM maize NK603</FONT></A><FONT size=2> </FONT><br />
<LI sizcache="9" sizset="18" nodeIndex="2"><A href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/121004a.htm"><FONT size=2>Letter to Prof. Séralini regarding EFSA’s Review of the Séralini et al. (2012) publication on a 2-year rodent feeding trial with Glyphosate Formulations and GM maize NK603 as published online on 19 September 2012 in Food and Chemical Toxicology, 4 October 2012</FONT></A><FONT size=2> </FONT></LI></UL><br />
<DIV class=notes style="MARGIN: 1em 0px 0px"><FONT size=2><br />
<HR align=left width="33%" SIZE=1><br />
</FONT><br />
<P style="MARGIN: 0px"><STRONG><FONT size=2>Notes to editors:</FONT></STRONG></P><br />
<P><FONT size=2>EFSA set up a multi-disciplinary task force in response to an urgent request from the European Commission to evaluate a paper by Séralini <EM>et al</EM> to assess whether its findings could lead the Authority to reconsider its previous opinion on maize NK603. The two-year study, published in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology on 19 September 2012, has suggested that consumption of the GM maize and a herbicide containing glyphosate at levels below officially-safe limits are linked to a reported increase in incidence of tumours in rats.</FONT></P></DIV><br />
<DIV class=mediacontact style="MARGIN: 1em 0px 0px" sizcache="9" sizset="19"><br />
<P sizcache="9" sizset="19"><FONT size=2><STRONG>For media enquiries please contact</STRONG>:<BR></FONT><A href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/presscontacts.htm"><FONT size=2>EFSA Media Relations Office</FONT></A><FONT size=2> <BR>Tel. +39 0521 036 149<BR>E-mail: </FONT><A href="mailto:Press@efsa.europa.eu" target=_blank><FONT size=2>Press@efsa.europa.eu</FONT></A></P></DIV></DIV></p>
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		<title>‘유전자조작 옥수수’ 오래 먹은 쥐 종양 확률 높아</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3471</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3471#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 21 Sep 2012 19:15:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[GMO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[변형옥수수]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자조작]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[종양]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[호르몬 불균형]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[‘유전자조작 옥수수’ 오래 먹은 쥐 종양 확률 높아 김보미 기자 bomi83@kyunghyang.com &#160; 경향신문&#160;입력 : 2012-09-20 21:45:26ㅣ수정 : 2012-09-20 23:13:03 유전자조작 옥수수를 장기간 섭취한 쥐들에게서 거대 종양과 장기손상이 나타났다는 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>‘<font size="2">유전자조작 옥수수’ 오래 먹은 쥐 종양 확률 높아</font></div>
<div><font size="2">김보미 기자 bomi83@kyunghyang.com</font></div>
<div><font size="2">&nbsp;</font></div>
<div><font size="2">경향신문&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-family: 돋움, Dotum, Helvetica, AppleGothic, sans-serif; line-height: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">입력 : 2012-09-20 21:45:26</span><span class="textBar" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-family: 돋움, Dotum, Helvetica, AppleGothic, sans-serif; line-height: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">ㅣ</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-family: 돋움, Dotum, Helvetica, AppleGothic, sans-serif; line-height: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">수정 : 2012-09-20 23:13:03</span></font></div>
<div><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-family: 돋움, Dotum, Helvetica, AppleGothic, sans-serif; line-height: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><font size="2"><br /></font></span></div>
<div><font size="2">유전자조작 옥수수를 장기간 섭취한 쥐들에게서 거대 종양과 장기손상이 나타났다는 연구가 나왔다고 영국 텔레그래프가 19일 보도했다. 현재 유전자조작 작물 안전성 실험은 90일간 쥐를 통해 실시되지만, 쥐의 평균수명인 2년간 추적한 연구는 이번이 처음으로 유전자조작 식품의 안전성에 의문을 제기하고 있다.&nbsp;</font></div>
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<div><font size="2">프랑스의 캉 대학 연구진은 제초제에 내성을 갖도록 유전자 변형 기술(라운드업)이 적용된 옥수수나 라운드업 물질이 살포된 변형 옥수수, 라운드업을 희석한 물을 사용해 쥐 200마리를 대상으로 실험했다. 라운드업은 제초제를 뿌릴 때 옥수수는 살아남고 잡초만 죽게 하는 기술이다.&nbsp;</font></div>
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<div><font size="2">이를 먹은 암컷 쥐의 50~80%에서는 24개월 안에 최대 3개의 큰 종양이 나타났다. 반면 사료를 먹지 않은 암컷 쥐(대조군)는 30%만 종양이 생겼다. 또 실험 암컷의 70%는 조기에 폐사해 대조군(20%)에 비해 크게 높은 비율을 보였다. 유전자조작 사료를 먹은 암수 모두 대조군보다 종양 크기가 2~3배나 컸으며, 호흡곤란과 소화장애, 출혈 등을 유발했다.&nbsp;</font></div>
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<div><font size="2">연구진은 “해당 옥수수와 농약이 생화학적, 물리적 경로로 호르몬 불균형을 일으키는 것으로 보인다”고 지적했다.</font></div>
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