1) 중요한 사회적 목표에 이바지하는 정책

2) 그러한 목표를 달성하는 데 효과적인 정책

3) 부담이 덜 되는 정책은 목표 달성에 효과적일 가능성이 적다

4) 정의로운 정책

Food and Beverage Policies and Public Health Ethics

Government food and beverage policies can play an important role in promoting public health. Few people would question this assumption. Difficult questions can arise, however, when policymakers, public health officials, citizens, and businesses deliberate about food and beverage policies, because competing values may be at stake, such as public health, individual autonomy, personal responsibility, economic prosperity, and fairness. An ethically justified policy strikes a reasonable among competing values by meeting the following criteria: (1) the policy serves important social goal(s); (2) the policy is likely to be effective at achieving those goal(s); (3) less burdensome options are not likely to be effective at achieving the goals; (4) the policy is fair.

Eating too much salt led to nearly 2.3 million heart-related deaths worldwide in 2010

American Heart Association Meeting Report

http://newsroom.heart.org/news/eating-too-much-salt-led-to-nearly-2-3-million-heart-related-deaths-worldwide-in-2010

Study Highlights:

• Excessive sodium (salt) consumption caused nearly 2.3 million heart-related deaths in the world in 2010.
  
• Nearly one million of these deaths occurred in people 69 years and younger.

Abstract #28 Embargoed until 3 p.m. CT / 4 p.m. ET on Thursday, March 21, 2013 (abstract data updated in release)

NEW ORLEANS — Eating too much salt contributed to 2.3 million  deaths from heart attacks, strokes and other heart-related diseases throughout the world in 2010, representing 15 percent of all deaths due to these causes, according to research presented at the American Heart Association’s Epidemiology and Prevention/Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism 2013 Scientific Sessions.

The researchers analyzed 247 surveys of adult sodium intake, stratified by age, gender, region and country between 1990 and 2010 as part of the 2010 Global Burden of Diseases Study, an international collaborative study by 488 scientists from 303 institutions in 50 countries around the world.

Next, they determined how the amount of sodium people were consuming was affecting their risk of cardiovascular disease, by performing a meta-analysis of 107 randomized, prospective trials that measured how sodium affects blood pressure, and a meta-analysis of how these differences in blood pressure relate to the risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared with consuming no more than 1,000 mg per day of sodium, which the researchers defined as an optimal amount of sodium for adults. Cardiovascular disease includes all diseases of the heart and blood vessels, including stroke.

Nearly 1 million of these deaths – 40 percent of the total — were premature, occurring in people 69 years of age and younger. Sixty percent of the deaths occurred in men and 40 percent were in women. Heart attacks caused 42 percent of the deaths and strokes 41 percent. The remainder resulted from other types of cardiovascular disease. Eighty-four percent of these deaths due to eating too much sodium were in low and middle-income countries, rather than high-income countries.

“National and global public health measures, such as comprehensive sodium reduction programs, could potentially save millions of lives,” said Dariush Mozaffarian, M.D., Dr.P.H., lead author of the study and co-director of the Program in Cardiovascular Epidemiology and associate professor of medicine and epidemiology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Harvard School of Public Health.

Among the 30 largest countries in the world, those with the highest death rates (per million adults) due to over consuming sodium were:

• Ukraine – 2,109
  
• Russia – 1,803
  
• Egypt – 836

Among all countries, the three countries with the lowest death rates (per million adults) due to over consuming sodium were:

• Qatar – 73
  
• Kenya – 78  
  
• United Arab Emirates – 134  

The U.S. ranked 19^th out of the 30 largest countries, with 429 deaths per million adults due to eating too much sodium (representing 1 in 10 US deaths due to these causes).

The American Heart Association recommends limiting sodium in your diet to no more than 1,500 mg a day, and has tips on how to reduce the amount of sodium in your diet, as well as information on six commonly consumed foods that are high in sodium.

Co-authors are: Saman Fahimi, M.D., M.Phil.; Gitanjali Singh, Ph.D.., M.P.H.; Renata Micha, M.D., M.P.H.; Shahab Khatibzadeh, M.D., M.P.H.; Goodarz Danaei, Ph.D.; Majid Ezzati, Ph.D.; Stephen Lim, Ph.D.; and John Powles, F.F.P.H; on behalf of the Global Burden of Diseases Nutrition & Chronic Disease Group. Author disclosures are on the manuscript.

The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases funded the study.

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Multimedia resources, including taped interviews with an AHA expert offering perspective on the science, are available on the right column of this link http://newsroom.heart.org/news/eating-too-much-salt-led-to-nearly-2-3-million-heart-related-deaths-worldwide-in-2010?preview=e288d04f3914ff2c9f0099fc31723b85

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NOTE: This scientific presentation for this abstract is at 3:30 p.m. CT, Thursday, March 21, 2013. ALL NEWS MATERIALS ARE EMBARGOED UNTIL THE TIME OF PRESENTATION OR 4 P.M. ET EACH DAY, WHICHEVER COMES FIRST.

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