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	<title>건강과 대안 &#187; 유방암</title>
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	<description>연구공동체</description>
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		<title>유방암 캠페인 &#8220;핑크 리본&#8221; 캠페인에 대한 반발</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=88931</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=88931#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2015 07:34:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[기업감시]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유방암]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[핑크리본]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=88931</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[10월이면 전세계적으로 벌어지는 &#8216;핑크리본 캠페인&#8217;. 과연 여성 유방암 환자를 위한 캠페인일까요? 미국, 영국, 호주, 캐나다, 스페인 등지에서는 핑크리본 캠페인의 과도한 상업성을 비판하는 운동이 확산되고 있어. 핑크리본 캠페인 비판 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>10월이면 전세계적으로 벌어지는 &#8216;핑크리본 캠페인&#8217;. 과연 여성 유방암 환자를 위한 캠페인일까요? 미국, 영국, 호주, 캐나다, 스페인 등지에서는 핑크리본 캠페인의 과도한 상업성을 비판하는 운동이 확산되고 있어. 핑크리본 캠페인 비판 운동을 펴는 이들은 에스티 로더 같은 화장품 회사들이 &#8220;이미지 세탁(핑크 와쉬, pink washing)&#8221;을 하는 데 캠페인이 활용될 뿐이라는 입장. 캠페인이 문제 있는 기업의 과도한 후원으로 이루어지고 있고 재정 운용이 투명하지도 않으며 유방암 조기 진단에 대한 과도한 강조로 불필요한 유방암 검진을 낳는다는게 비판의 요지. 자세한 사항은 첨부된 BMJ 칼럼 참조</p>
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		<title>5월월례포럼: 안젤리나졸리는 유방/난소를 절제해야 했는가? 발표자료</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=forum&#038;p=88711</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=forum&#038;p=88711#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 27 May 2015 06:32:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[영리병원·의료상업화]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[의료서비스]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[젠더 · 인권]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[BRCA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[난소암]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[안젤리나 졸리]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[여성건강]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[예방적 절제술]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유방암]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자 검사]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=forum&#038;p=88711</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[지난 5월 21일 건강과대안 5월 월례포럼을 진행하였습니다. 당일날 발표된 발표자들의 자료를 공유하오니 참고하시기 바랍니다. 발표1: BRCA 유전자와 위험감소 난소난관/유방절제술_윤정원(산부인과 전문의, 건강과대안연구위원) 토론1:위험에 기반한 의사결정하기_박정은(건강과대안 젠더건강팀) 토론2: 유전자 검사와 예방적 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>지난 5월 21일 건강과대안 5월 월례포럼을 진행하였습니다.</p>
<p>당일날 발표된 발표자들의 자료를 공유하오니 참고하시기 바랍니다.</p>
<p>발표1: BRCA 유전자와 위험감소 난소난관/유방절제술_윤정원(산부인과 전문의, 건강과대안연구위원)</p>
<p>토론1:위험에 기반한 의사결정하기_박정은(건강과대안 젠더건강팀)</p>
<p>토론2: 유전자 검사와 예방적 처치의 사회적 의미_이유림(건강과대안 젠더건강팀)</p>
<p>참고자료: 유전자 검사와 예방적 처치의 사회적 의미_서미원(프랑스 사회과학고등연구원, 젠더와건강팀)</p>
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		<title>안젤리나 졸리의 예방적 유방절제에 대한 한국유방암학회 공식 보도자료(한국유방암학회)</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=88620</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=88620#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 06 Apr 2015 02:31:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[의료서비스]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[젠더 · 인권]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[지적재산권·특허]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[BRCA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[안젤리나 졸리]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유방암]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유방절제술]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전성 유방암]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자 벼이]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=88620</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[안젤리나 졸리의 예방적 유방절제에 대한 한국유방암학회 공식 보도자료   안젤리나 졸리의 선택이 주는 교훈  - 안젤리나 졸리 예방적 유방절제술 시행, 모든 사람이 예방적 수술 대상은 아니야 - 가족력 있거나 젊은 환자 유전성 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>안젤리나 졸리의 예방적 유방절제에 대한 한국유방암학회 공식 보도자료</p>
<p style="text-align: center;" align="left"> <b> </b><b>안젤리나 졸리의 선택이 주는 교훈</b></p>
<p> <b>- 안젤리나 졸리 예방적 유방절제술 시행, 모든 사람이 예방적 수술 대상은 아니야</b></p>
<p><b>- 가족력 있거나 젊은 환자 유전성 유방암 검사대상, 돌연변이 보인자는 감시 예방 필요</b></p>
<p><b>- 무분별한 유전자 검사 문제점 많아 전문가와의 유전 상담 필수</b></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>(한국유방암학회=2013/05/21) 최근 안젤리나 졸리가 유전자 변이 때문에 유방암에 걸릴 확률이 높아 양쪽 가슴을 절제했다는 기사가 발표되면서 세계 언론의 이목이 쏠리고 있다. 그녀는 지난 14일 뉴욕타임스에 ‘내 의학적 선택(My Medical Choice)’이란 기고문을 보내 유방암과 난소암의 발병 확률을 낮추기 위해 양쪽 유방절제술을 받기도 결정했다고 밝혔다.</p>
<p>유전성 유방암은 전체 유방암 환자의 약 5~10%를 차지하며 유전성 유방암과 관련한 유전자 중 BRCA1, BRCA2 유전자 변이는 가장 강력한 위험 인자로 알려졌다. BRCA1과 BRCA2 유전자는 암으로부터 몸을 보호해 주는 역할을 하는데, 유전자에 변이가 생기면, 암을 일으키는 외부 자극에 약해져 젊은 나이에 여러 종류의 암이 생기게 된다. 안젤리나 졸리는 변이 유전자를 보유해, 암 발병을 막고자 유방 절제라는 선택을 한 것이다.</p>
<p><b>유전자 변이 있을 시 유방암과 난소암 발병 위험 크게 높아져</b></p>
<p>한국유방암학회(회장 윤정한/이사장 송병주)에서 주관하는 한국인 유전성유방암 연구</p>
<p><a title="" href="http://www.kbcs.or.kr/board/fckeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=body&amp;code_style=&amp;Toolbar=Default#_ftn1">[1]</a> (KOrean Hereditary BReast cAncer Study, KOHBRA 연구)에 따르면, 가족력이 있는 유방암 환자의 BRCA 유전자 변이의 빈도는 25%가량이며, 35세 미만 유방암 환자는 10%가량 변이의 위험이 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다.</p>
<p>또한, BRCA 유전자 변이가 있는 여성의 70세까지의 유방암의 누적발생률은 BRCA1는 72.1%, BRCA2는 66.3%로 조사됐고, 70세까지 난소암의 누적발생률은 BRCA1과 BRCA2에서 각각 24.6%와11.1%로 조사됐다. 또한, 유방암에 걸린 BRCA 변이 보인자가 향후 5년간 반대편 유방암에 걸릴 위험은 BRCA1과 BRCA2에서 각각 16.2%와 17.3%로 보고됐다.</p>
<p>안젤리나 졸리가 이러한 결정을 하게 된 이유는 유전자 변이가 발견된 경우 변이 자체를 없애는 치료법은 아직 없기 때문이다. 한국인 유전성유방암 연구 책임연구자인 분당서울대병원 김성원 교수는 “BRCA 변이를 보유한 보인자라면 암 발생 감시, 화화적 예방 및 예방적 수술 등을 통해서 적극 암을 예방할 필요가 있다.”며 “예방적 유방절제술은 유방암의 위험을 90% 이상 낮추고, 예방적 난소 절제술은 난소암의 위험을 97% 이상 예방할 수 있다. 또한, 난소절제술은 유방암의 위험도를 동시에 50% 감소시키는 효과가 있기 때문에 35세~40세 사이에 출산이 끝난 여성의 경우라면 난소절제술을 권하게 된다.”고 말했다.</p>
<p><b>무분별한 유전자 검사와 예방적 수술 위험, 전문의 진단과 상담 필수</b></p>
<p>안젤리나 졸리의 유전자 검사 결과 및 예방적 수술 사실이 대중에게 알려지면서 유전자 검사에 관한 관심 또한 높아지고 있다. 하지만 유전성 유방암 검사는 반드시 고위험군을 대상으로 해야 하며,전문가에 의한 검사 전후 유전 상담을 거쳐 검사의 득실을 자세히 따져야 한다. 유명인인 안젤리나 졸리가 수술을 결정했다고 해서 모든 여성이 양측 유방을 절제해야 할 근거도 없다.</p>
<p>현재까지 예방적 유방절제술은 유방암 발생의 빈도를 낮출 뿐, 사망률을 낮추었다는 증거가 없기 때문이다. 반면, 예방적 난소절제술의 경우에는 난소암의 발생률뿐 아니라 사망률 또한 낮추었다고 보고되어서 BRCA 보인자라면 적극 고려해 볼 필요가 있다. 물론 이 경우도 난소의 영구적인 제거에 따른 조기폐경 및 폐경 후 증후군, 골다공증 등이 문제가 될 수 있다. 이처럼 돌연변이 검사나 돌연변이 보인자의 예방 및 치료는 개별적인 환자의 상태에 따라서 자세한 전문가에 의한 상담을 통하여 결정해야 한다.</p>
<p>유전자 정보가 알려져 자녀와 가족에게 미치는 사회 심리적인 영향에 대한 우려도 있다. 부모 중 한 명이 유전자 변이가 있을 때 자녀에게 유전될 확률은 50%이다. 미국은 개인의 유전 정보 때문에 차별을 받아서는 안 된다는 법률이 발효 중이지만, 안젤리나 졸리의 고백으로 자녀가 앞으로 받을 수 있는 사회적 차별 및 심리적 압박에 대해서 한 번쯤 고민해 볼 필요가 있다.</p>
<p>한편, 지난 5월 아시아 주요 11개국<a title="" href="http://www.kbcs.or.kr/board/fckeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=body&amp;code_style=&amp;Toolbar=Default#_ftn2">[2]</a>이 참여한 가운데 열린 제2회 아시아 유전성 유방암 컨소시엄 (Asian BRCA Consortium, ABRCA) 심포지엄에 따르면, 이들 국가 중 유전자 검사에 대한 보험 급여가 이루어지고, 개인의 유전정보를 보호하고 돌연변이 보인자의 차별 금지를 법률로 규정하고 있는 나라는 한국뿐임을 확인하였다. 이에 컨소시엄 참가국은 &lt;아시아의 각 정부가 적어도 BRCA유전자 검사를 국가에서 보조하고, 개인의 유전정보 및 차별금지를 위한 법률 제정을 촉구&gt;하는 성명에 합의했다.</p>
<p align="center">#  #  #</p>
<p>문의] 한국인 유전성유방암 연구 홈페이지 (<span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕';"><a href="http://www.kbcs.or.kr/board/fckeditor/editor/www.kohbra.kr">www.kohbra.kr</a>)<br />
KOHBRA 책임 연구자 분당서울대학교병원 외과 김성원 교수<br />
(<a href="mailto:brcakorea@gmail.com">brcakorea@gmail.com</a> / 010- 5136-3561)</p>
<p></span>별첨 1] 유전성 유방암 관련 FAQ (별도 파일 첨부)</p>
<div><span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕';"><br />
</span></p>
<div>
<p><a title="" href="http://www.kbcs.or.kr/board/fckeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=body&amp;code_style=&amp;Toolbar=Default#_ftnref1">[1]</a> 책임연구자 분당서울대학교병원 외과 김성원 교수, 순천향대학교 서울병원 외과 이민혁 교수,서울아산병원 외과 안세현 교수, 서울대의대 예방의학교실 박수경 교수</p>
</div>
<div>
<p><a title="" href="http://www.kbcs.or.kr/board/fckeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=body&amp;code_style=&amp;Toolbar=Default#_ftnref2">[2]</a> 한국, 중국, 일본, 홍콩, 말레이지아, 필리핀, 인도네시아, 싱가포르, 베트남, 태국, 인도</p>
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		<title>[GMO] 유전자조작 산업계, GM식품 옹호 웹사이트 개설</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=5847</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=5847#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 28 Aug 2013 07:58:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[GMO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[기업감시]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[애그리비지니스]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[glyphosate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[GM Watch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[GM 옹호]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[long-term GMO experiments]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Séralini]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[근사미]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[글리포세이트]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[다우케미칼]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[듀퐁]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[라운드업 레디]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[라운드업 제초제]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[몬산토]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[세라리니]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유방암]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자조작식품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[장기독성 실험]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[허위정보]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[유전자조작 산업계(몬산토, 듀퐁 등)에서 유전자조작 식품(GMO) 반대 시민사회운동에 대응하기 위해 GM 식품을 옹호하는 웹사이트를 개설했다는 소식입니다. 몬산토, 듀퐁, 다우케미칼 등 유전자조작 산업계는 웹사이트를 개설하여 GM 안전성에 의문을 제기하하는 최근 연구결과들에 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>유전자조작 산업계(몬산토, 듀퐁 등)에서 유전자조작 식품(GMO) 반대 시민사회운동에 대응하기 위해 GM 식품을 옹호하는 웹사이트를 개설했다는 소식입니다.</p>
<p>몬산토, 듀퐁, 다우케미칼 등 유전자조작 산업계는 웹사이트를 개설하여 GM 안전성에 의문을 제기하하는 최근 연구결과들에 의해 궁지에 몰린 나머지 유전자조작 식품(GMO)을 옹호하는 허위정보를 퍼뜨리는 활동을 하고 있습니다.</p>
<p>========================================</p>
<p>&#8216;GMO Answers&#8217; website launched by biotech industry</p>
<p><a href="http://www.gmwatch.org/index.php/news/archive/2013/14878-gmo-answers-website-launched-by-biotech-industry">http://www.gmwatch.org/index.php/news/archive/2013/14878-gmo-answers-website-launched-by-biotech-industry</a></p>
<div>
<p>The GM industry&#8217;s latest PR drive includes a new website aimed at combating mounting opposition to GM foods.</p>
<p>You need to register to be able to post comments. Go to <a href="http://www.gmoanswers.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1679c4;">www.GMOAnswers.com</span></a> to do so and challenge each of their misleading entries, so members of the public who check out the site get a better picture of reality. (e.g., include links to studies like Jack Heinemann&#8217;s recent one, etc.) Time to match their PR and outreach! A good resource for doing this:<a href="http://earthopensource.org/index.php/reports/gmo-myths-and-truths" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1679c4;">http://earthopensource.org/index.php/reports/gmo-myths-and-truths</span></a></p>
<p>1.&#8217;GMO Answers&#8217; Website Launched By Monsanto, DuPont, More<br />
2.GMO Re-Education: Monsanto, Dow and Biotech Firms Unite to Launch Disinformation Site</p>
<p>EXTRACT: Biotech is on the defensive now – they have been backed into a corner by activists who insist that the GMOs in our food supply, at the very least, be labeled, so that we can make an informed decision about what we feed our families. This false transparency is their last ditch effort to head off pro-labeling legislation and to keep their toxins hidden in our food supply.</p>
<p>&#8230;they’ve invited us to “Be skeptical. Be open. We want to hear from you.” Let’s give them what they asked for, shall we? (item 2)<br />
&#8212;<br />
&#8212;<br />
<strong>1.&#8217;GMO Answers&#8217; Website Launched By Monsanto, DuPont, More</strong><br />
Carey Gillam<br />
Reuters, 29 July 2013<br />
<a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/29/gmo-answers-website_n_3671483.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1679c4;">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/29/gmo-answers-website_n_3671483.html</span></a></p>
<p>A group of biotech seed companies on Monday launched an online forum to combat mounting opposition to genetically modified foods among consumer groups and activists.</p>
<p>The website, www.GMOAnswers.com, is designed as a &#8220;central online resource&#8221; for information on genetically modified organisms and their use in agriculture and food production, the Biotechnology Industry Organization said.</p>
<p>The website is backed in part by Monsanto Co, DuPont , Dow AgroSciences, a unit of Dow Chemical Co, and other companies whose products include seeds that have been genetically altered to improve food production.</p>
<p>The website is part of a broad campaign by the biotech industry to beat back growing calls for GMO food labeling and for tighter regulation of the biotech seed industry in the United States. European opposition to GMOs is so strong that Monsanto this month said it would withdraw all pending requests to grow new types of GMO crops.</p>
<p>As part of the multi-year, multimillion-dollar campaign, the biotech seed companies will also open some of their fields and offices to visitors and will host face-to-face forums around the country with consumers, according to Cathleen Enright, spokeswoman for the website.</p>
<p>Paul Schickler, president of DuPont Pioneer, the agricultural unit of DuPont, said anti-GMO forces have been using the Internet very effectively to get their message out, and industry wants to use the same strategy to combat what he said were notions &#8220;not always based in fact.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;This &#8230; is an effort to increase the dialogue. That is all we want,&#8221; said Schickler. &#8220;Dialogue is good. Over time I think we&#8217;ll come to a common understanding.&#8221;</p>
<p>Critics predicted the industry effort to change consumer skepticism would fail, saying there is ample scientific evidence that GMO foods can contribute to health problems in animals and humans, and hurt the environment.</p>
<p>&#8220;This latest effort will likely do little to stop the consumer backlash against genetically engineered foods that has been brewing for years,&#8221; said Wenonah Hauter, executive director of Food &amp; Water Watch, a consumer organization.</p>
<p>The most popular gene-altered crops withstand dousings of weed-killing chemicals and produce their own insect-killing toxins. Biotech corn, canola, soybeans, and other crops are used in human food and animal feed around the world, and biotech companies say they are heavily regulated and thoroughly tested.</p>
<p>Last year, Monsanto and other industry members spent $40 million to defeat a ballot initiative in California to require labeling of GMO food. Similar initiatives are under way in several other U.S. states and at the federal level.</p>
<p>Grocery retailer Whole Foods said this year it would require suppliers to label any product made with genetically modified ingredients. And the Natural Products Association, which represents 1,900 food industry players, has called for a uniform national standard for GMO labeling.</p>
<p>Burrito chain Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc recently became the first major U.S. restaurant chain to disclose GMO ingredients and is moving to remove such products from its supply chain.<br />
&#8212;<br />
&#8212;<br />
<strong>2.GMO Re-Education: Monsanto, Dow and Biotech Firms Unite to Launch Disinformation Site</strong><br />
Daisy Luther<br />
The Organic Pepper, July 29 2013<br />
<a href="http://www.theorganicprepper.ca/gmo-re-education-monsanto-dow-and-biotech-firms-unite-to-launch-disinformation-site-07292013" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1679c4;">http://www.theorganicprepper.ca/gmo-re-education-monsanto-dow-and-biotech-firms-unite-to-launch-disinformation-site-07292013</span></a></p>
<p>If you had a question about how to protect yourself from a criminal known to break into houses in your neighborhood, would you ask him how to protect your home and then take his suggestions, or would you be suspicious he might be answering them in a way that would make your home even easier to encroach?</p>
<p>If you had a question about the honesty and integrity of a person in an authority position, would you ask that person to investigate himself and then accept his findings? (I mean, if you were a normal person, not if your name is Barack or Eric.)</p>
<p>If a company came out with a new medication that promised to cure your ills overnight, would you ask the company that produced it whether it was safe and trust them to be honest, or would you feel that their answer might be colored by their urge to make a buck?<br />
So why on earth would anyone possibly believe that the likes of Monsanto, Dow, and Dupont would be spreading anything but sales-driven propaganda on their new website GMOAnswers?</p>
<p>Are they serious or is this some kind of big public relations joke being played out on a national platform?  Are we being punked?</p>
<p>What kind of person would look up their answers on a website SPONSORED by the very people who are putting out the toxic garbage they’d like us to believe is food?<br />
Welcome to the compendium of disinformation!</p>
<p>In the most outrageous, blatant case of the foxes being put in charge of the henhouse that I have ever seen, the big biotech companies got together and launched their propaganda site GMOAnswers today. It is run by the Council for Biotechnology Information, whose members include Monsanto, Dow Chemical, DuPont, Syngenta, Bayer CropScience and BASF. The site contains a heavily moderated question and answer forum and a complete compendium of disinformation in the section called “Explore GMOs”.</p>
<p>They purport that the website is an acknowledgement that they need to change:</p>
<p>*Genetically modified organisms — GMOs — are a major topic of discussion today. Across our society, media and the Internet, a growing number of people have shared a wide range of questions and emotions on the topic – ranging from excitement and optimism to skepticism and even fear.</p>
<p>*GMO Answers was created to do a better job answering your questions — no matter what they are — about GMOs. The biotech industry stands 100 percent behind the health and safety of the GM crops on the market today, but we acknowledge that we haven’t done the best job communicating about them – what they are, how they are made, what the safety data says.</p>
<p>*This website is the beginning of a new conversation among everyone who cares about how our food is grown.</p>
<p>*Join us. Ask tough questions. Be skeptical. Be open. We look forward to sharing answers. (source)</p>
<p>And they tout these 5 principals:</p>
<p>*Respecting people around the world and their right to choose healthy food products that are best for themselves and their families;<br />
*Welcoming and answering questions on all GMO topics;<br />
*Making GMO information, research and data easy to access and evaluate and supporting safety testing of GM products;  including allowing independent safety testing of our products through validated science-based methods;<br />
*Supporting farmers as they work to grow crops using precious resources more efficiently, with less impact on the environment and producing safe, nutritious food and feed products;<br />
*Respecting farmers’ rights to choose the seeds that are best for their farms, businesses and communities and providing seed choices that include non-GM seeds based on market demands.</p>
<p>The most notable things that I saw about the “discussions” there is that the “experts” are all pro-GMO.  There is a very subtle bias against those with concerns, despite the fact that many of them are quoting real statistics and genuine peer-reviewed studies. How many “experts” that are anti-GMO are being moderated right out of the discussion using the “House Rules“?</p>
<p>This website, sadly, is nothing more than an indoctrination vehicle for furthering the myths that Monsanto wants you to believe.</p>
<p>Biotech is on the defensive now – they have been backed into a corner by activists who insist that the GMOs in our food supply, at the very least, be labeled, so that we can make an informed decision about what we feed our families. This false transparency is their last ditch effort to head off pro-labeling legislation and to keep their toxins hidden in our food supply.</p>
<p>What can we do?</p>
<p>I’ve created my own profile over there so that I can “join the discussion.” If you decide to join me, please follow the House Rules to the best of your ability and additionally, remember that you want to garner respect, not scorn, so:</p>
<p>*Be courteous – we are in the right and we should take the high road in conversations<br />
*Don’t be threatening<br />
*Don’t use foul language<br />
*Don’t be abusive towards others, even when you disagree or when they are abusive towards you<br />
*Use facts and cite sources<br />
*If you are censored unfairly, take screen shots and let those tell your story</p>
<p>If other people who don’t know a lot about GMOs come to the forum and see anti-GMO activists scrapping it out in an uncivil fashion, it will close their eyes to the message we are trying to share. Don’t be afraid to be passionate, but please remember that you are representing all of us who say no to GMO.</p>
<p>Do you remember when Cheerios launched the Facebook App that allowed consumers to share what they really thought about the toxin-laden cereal? That was a PR move that backfired dramatically when users bombarded the company’s page with anti-GMO messages.</p>
<p>Biotech must have missed that, because they’ve invited us to “Be skeptical. Be open. We want to hear from you.”</p>
<p>Let’s give them what they asked for, shall we?</p>
<p>About the author:</p>
<p>Daisy Luther is a freelance writer and editor.  Her website, The Organic Prepper, offers information on healthy prepping, including premium nutritional choices, general wellness and non-tech solutions. You can follow Daisy on Facebook and Twitter, and you can email her at&lt;a &#8216;+path+&#8217;\&#8221;+prefix+&#8217;:'+addy43508+&#8217;\'=&#8221;"&gt;&#8217;);document.write(addy43508);document.write(&#8216;&lt;\/a&gt;&#8217;);&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;<a href="mailto:daisy@theorganicprepper.ca"><span style="color: #1679c4;">daisy@theorganicprepper.ca</span></a></p>
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		<title>[GMO] 유럽식품기준청의 장기독성 실험 가이드라인, 세라리니 연구결과 유효성 인증 주장</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=5846</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=5846#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 28 Aug 2013 07:57:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[GMO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EFSA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[glyphosate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[GM Watch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[long-term GMO experiments]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Séralini]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[근사미]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[글리포세이트]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[라운드업 레디]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[라운드업 제초제]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[몬산토]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[세라리니]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유럽식품기준청]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유방암]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자조작식품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[장기독성 실험]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=5846</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[유럽식품기준청(EFSA)의 GMO 장기 실험에 관한 새로운 지침서가 세라리니 박사팀의 연구결과를 유효하게 인증했다는 유전자조작 감시 시민사회단체인 [GM watch]의 논평입니다. Seralini validated by new EFSA guidelines on long-term GMO experiments [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>유럽식품기준청(EFSA)의 GMO 장기 실험에 관한 새로운 지침서가 세라리니 박사팀의<br />
연구결과를 유효하게 인증했다는 유전자조작 감시 시민사회단체인 [GM watch]의 논평입니다.</p>
<h1>Seralini validated by new EFSA guidelines on long-term GMO experiments</h1>
<div>
<p><img alt="EFSA logo photo" src="http://www.gmwatch.org/images/banners/EFSA-logo-photo-710px.jpg" width="100%" /></p>
<p><a href="http://www.gmwatch.org/index.php/news/archive/2013/14882-seralini-validated-by-new-efsa-guidelines-on-long-term-gmo-experiments">http://www.gmwatch.org/index.php/news/archive/2013/14882-seralini-validated-by-new-efsa-guidelines-on-long-term-gmo-experiments</a></p>
<p>Food Safety Authority&#8217;s guidelines on long-term GM feeding studies validate Prof Seralini&#8217;s study, which found serious health effects from NK603 maize.<strong><br />
</strong></p>
<p><strong>Seralini validated by new EFSA guidelines on long-term GMO experiments</strong><br />
Comment by Claire Robinson of GMWatch and Earth Open Source, 31 July 2013</p>
<p>The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has issued guidelines for two-year whole food feeding studies to assess the risk of long-term toxicity from GM foods.<br />
<a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3347.htm" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1679c4;">http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3347.htm</span></a></p>
<p>This is a fascinating document which largely validates the methodology and choices of Prof GE Seralini in his 2012 study on GM maize NK603 &#8211; methodology and choices that EFSA and countless other critics previously attacked him for.</p>
<p>Particular points to note:</p>
<p>1. EFSA admits that &#8220;no standardised protocol or guidelines exist for this type of study and [industry] applicants have to adapt protocols&#8221; &#8211; as Seralini did, too.</p>
<p>2. EFSA says the same strain of rat that was used in the 90-day study on the GM food should be used in the longer study &#8211; thus vindicating Seralini&#8217;s use of the Sprague-Dawley rat, which Monsanto used in its 90-day study on the same maize.</p>
<p>3. EFSA says animals should be fed ad libitum, which Seralini did, but which critics complained made it impossible to measure individual food and water consumption.</p>
<p>4. EFSA admits that you do not necessarily need a narrow and fixed hypothesis and that such a study can be &#8220;exploratory&#8221;, in spite of its previous claim that Seralini&#8217;s experiment was flawed because it (according to EFSA) didn&#8217;t have a clear hypothesis or objective.</p>
<p>5. EFSA recommends against using the extra control or &#8220;reference diet&#8221; groups commonly included by Monsanto in its 90-day studies and fed a variety of supposedly non-GM diets, on the grounds that the concurrent controls are the valid controls AND what is being tested is the difference between the GM variety and the non-GM comparator. Seralini was criticised by many for not including these spurious extra control groups and for thus having &#8220;inadequate controls&#8221;.</p>
<p>6. EFSA cautions strongly AGAINST relying on historical control data and if it is used, restricts it to within 5 years of the current experiment and to the same testing facility. This is a much stricter requirement than industry ever applies; industry uses ancient data from a wide variety of sources.</p>
<p>EFSA says: &#8220;The use of historical control data should be considered with caution. The historical controls might not be useful because the incidences of neoplastic (or non-neoplastic) lesions would possibly be from control animals kept on different diets than the diet applied in whole food/feed study, and because the diet itself (high/low fat, type of fat, % of carbohydrate, type of carbohydrate, etc.) can influence the formation of neoplastic or non-neoplastic lesions. Where the diet formulation used in the experiment for the control groups cannot be demonstrated to be equivalent to that used for the generation of historical control data, the inclusion may be considered of an additional control group (as similar as possible to the historical controls), in addition to the concurrent control group(s).&#8221;</p>
<p>It&#8217;s unfortunate that in rightly condemning the use of historical control data, however, EFSA allows in those extra control or &#8220;reference&#8221; groups that it rightly condemned in point (5) above.</p>
<p>7. EFSA recommends a minimum of 10 animals per sex per group for the chronic toxicity phase, the same number that Seralini used.</p>
<p>8. EFSA recommends housing animals in pairs, as Seralini did, so individual food consumption cannot be measured.</p>
<p>9. EFSA requires an a priori power analysis to ensure appropriate sample size, depending on the effect size that is being looked for. We&#8217;ve never noticed the GM industry doing one of these, resulting in experiments that are virtually guaranteed not to find anything. For Seralini&#8217;s team&#8217;s comment on this, see:<br />
<a href="http://www.ijbs.com/v05p0706.htm" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1679c4;">http://www.ijbs.com/v05p0706.htm</span></a></p>
<p>Overall, we&#8217;re pleased to see EFSA taking on board our cautionary lessons on spurious &#8220;reference&#8221; control groups and historical control data (even if in the same document EFSA subsequently allows the use of both!), as well as validating the aspects of Seralini&#8217;s experiment that he was most criticised for.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		<title>암에 대한 과잉진단과 과잉치료 : 개선의 기회</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=5825</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=5825#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 28 Aug 2013 07:17:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[과학기술 · 생의학]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[갑상선암]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[과잉의료]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[과잉진단]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[과잉치료]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유방암]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[전립선암]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[폐암]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[미국국립암연구소(NCI) 소속 학자들이 이제는 건강검진 등으로 인한 과잉진단, 과잉치료 문제를 해결하기 위해 광범위한 토론이 필요하다는 의견 제시. 그래서 특히 유방, 폐, 전립선, 갑상선 등의 전암성 병변은 &#8216;암&#8217;으로 부르지 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>미국국립암연구소(NCI) 소속 학자들이 이제는 건강검진 등으로 인한 과잉진단, 과잉치료 문제를 해결하기 위해 광범위한 토론이 필요하다는 의견 제시. 그래서 특히 유방, 폐, 전립선, 갑상선 등의 전암성 병변은 &#8216;암&#8217;으로 부르지 말자는 다소 파격적인(?) 제안도 포함. 이는 임상 의사들과 대중들이 이에 대한 인식과 의견 교류가 활발해져야 한다고 생각하기에 내린 전략적 고려인 듯. 여하간 한국도 갑상선 암 등의 과잉진단 및 치료가 문제가 되는 상황에서 경청해볼만한 의견인 듯</h1>
<div></div>
<div>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-</div>
<h1><span style="font-size: x-large;">Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment in Cancer</span>An Opportunity for Improvement</h1>
<div id="scm6MainContent_dvAuthorSection">Laura J. Esserman, MD, MBA1; Ian M. Thompson, Jr, MD2; Brian Reid, MD, PhD3</div>
<div id="scm6MainContent_divDisclosures"><i>JAMA. </i>July 29, 2013</div>
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		<title>[GMO] 라운드업제초제(글리포세이트) 인간 유방암 세포 성장시켜</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=4140</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=4140#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 14 Jun 2013 13:24:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[GMO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[glyphosate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[근사미]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[글리포세이트]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[라운드업 레디]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[라운드업 제초제]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[몬산토]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유방암]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자조작식품]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=4140</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[몬산토사의 라운드업제초제의 주 성분인 글리포세이트(Glyphosate)가 에스트로젠 수용체(estrogen receptors)를 통해 인간의 유방암 세포의 성장을 유발한다는 시험관 내 연구결과가 2013년 6월 8일자에 발표되었습니다.(이 저널엔 몬산토 사의 안전성 평가 논문과 그와 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>몬산토사의 라운드업제초제의 주 성분인 글리포세이트(<SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Glyphosate)가 에스트로젠 수용체(<BR>estrogen receptors)를 </SPAN>통해 인간의 유방암 세포의 성장을 유발한다는 시험관 내 연구결과가 <BR><식품독성화학(<SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Food Chem Toxicol.)</SPAN>> 2013년 6월 8일자에 발표되었습니다.<BR>(이 저널엔 몬산토 사의 안전성 평가 논문과 그와 반대되는 결과가 나온 세라리니 박사팀의 <BR>논문이 발표된 바 있습니다)<BR><BR>이번 연구에서 아주 작은 양의 글리포세이트가 에스트로젠의 작용을 자극한다는 것을<BR>밝혀냈으며, 글로포세이트와 제니스테인(<FONT color=#454545>genistein, 콩에 들어 있는 식물성 에스트로젠)의<BR></FONT>상호작용으로 부가적으로 에스트로젠 호르몬 효과가 나타난다는 점도 밝혀냈습니다.<BR><BR>독일정부는 2002년 EU의 승인을 받은 글리포세이트에 관해 기업이 제출한 연구보고서에서<BR>낮은 농도의 글리포세이트를 투여한 실험동물에서 종양 발생이 증가한다는 내용이 들어<BR>있었으나, 독일 정부는 글리포세이트의 양이 증가함에&nbsp; 따라 종양발생이 증가<FONT color=#454545>(linear <BR>dose-response)</FONT>하지 않는다는 이유로 이러한 위험성을 폐기한 바 있습니다.<BR><BR>========================<BR><BR><STRONG><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells growth via estrogen receptors<BR></SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></STRONG><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Thongprakaisang S, Thiantanawat A, Rangkadilok N, Suriyo T, Satayavivad J.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Jun 8. pii: S0278-6915(13)00363-3. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.057. [Epub ahead of print]</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23756170">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23756170</A><BR><BR>* 논문 :&nbsp;첨부파일<BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Abstract<BR></SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Glyphosate is an active ingredient of the most widely used herbicide and it is believed to be less toxic than other pesticides. However, several recent studies showed its potential adverse health effects to humans as it may be an endocrine disruptor. This study focuses on the effects of pure glyphosate on estrogen receptors (ERs) mediated transcriptional activity and their expressions. Glyphosate exerted proliferative effects only in human hormone-dependent breast cancer, T47D cells, but not in hormone-independent breast cancer, MDA-MB231 cells, at 10-12 to 10-6 M in estrogen withdrawal condition. The proliferative concentrations of glyphosate that induced the activation of estrogen response element (ERE) transcription activity were 5-13 fold of control in T47D-KBluc cells and this activation was inhibited by an estrogen antagonist, ICI 182780, indicating that the estrogenic activity of glyphosate was mediated via ERs. Furthermore, glyphosate also altered both ERα and βexpression. These results indicated that low and environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate possessed estrogenic activity. Glyphosate-based herbicides are widely used for soybean cultivation, and our results also found that there was an additive estrogenic effect between glyphosate and genistein, a phytoestrogen in soybeans. However, these additive effects of glyphosate contamination in soybeans need further animal study.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR>================<BR><BR><br />
<H3>알맞은 제초제만 뿌려도 묘지 잡초 걱정 끝!</H3><br />
<P id=subtit1>- 농촌진흥청, 효율적 묘지 잡초관리방법 소개 -<BR><BR>공감코리아 정책포럼 <A href="http://www.korea.kr/policy/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=155884533&#038;call_from=extlink">http://www.korea.kr/policy/pressReleaseView.do?newsId=155884533&#038;call_from=extlink</A><BR><BR></P><br />
<DIV class=view_cont><br />
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" ttsinit1="true" ttsinit2="true"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">농촌진흥청(청장 이양호)은 한식(寒食)을 맞아 바쁜 도시인들을 위한 효율적인 묘지 잡초 관리방법을 소개했다. </SPAN></P><br />
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" ttsinit1="true" ttsinit2="true"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P><br />
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" ttsinit1="true" ttsinit2="true"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">연중 묘지 잡초관리는 잔디 싹이 나오기 전과 잔디가 자라는 초기로 나눠서 해야 하는데 각 시기마다 사용할 수 있는 제초제가 다르기 때문이다.</SPAN></P><br />
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" ttsinit1="true" ttsinit2="true"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P><br />
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" ttsinit1="true" ttsinit2="true"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">먼저 잔디 싹이 나오기 전인 3월 말∼4월 초쯤에 입제형 제초제(디클로베닐입제, 디클로베닐·이마자퀸입제, 이마자퀸입제 등)를 묘지와 그 주변에 뿌려준다. 그러면 제초제가 서서히 녹아 종자로 번식하는 일년생과 다년생 잡초 발생을 막을 수 있다. 주의할 점은 잔디 싹이 나온 후 입제형 제초제를 뿌리면 잔디가 죽을 수 있으므로 사용하지 않는다. </SPAN></P><br />
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" ttsinit1="true" ttsinit2="true"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P><br />
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" ttsinit1="true" ttsinit2="true"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">또한 이 시기에 입제형 제초제로 잡을 수 없는 잡초들이 있는데, 잔디보다 먼저 싹이 나오는 토끼풀, 쇠뜨기 등이다. 이 잡초들을 제거하기 위해서는 잔디 싹이 나오기 전인 3월 말∼4월 초쯤에 물에 타서 사용하는 제초제(글루포시네이트암모늄액제, 메코프로프액제 등)를 뿌려준다. </SPAN></P><br />
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" ttsinit1="true" ttsinit2="true"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P><br />
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" ttsinit1="true" ttsinit2="true"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">잔디가 자라는 초기인 5월 말∼6월 초에는 잔디에 안전하고 잡초만 죽일 수 있는 제초제를 뿌려야 한다. 특히 새포아풀·바랭이 등은 림설퓨론수화제, 플루세토설퓨론수화제를, 쑥·토끼풀·쇠뜨기 등은 메코프로프-피액제, 엠시피에이액제를 뿌리면 된다.</SPAN></P><br />
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" ttsinit1="true" ttsinit2="true"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P><br />
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" ttsinit1="true" ttsinit2="true"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">묘지 주위에 발생하는 아카시아 등의 잡관목은 8∼9월에 비선택성 제초제(대부분의 식물에 영향을 미치는 것)인 글리포세이트액제, 글리포세이트암모늄액제, 글리포세이트포타슘액제 등을 한 방울씩 떨어뜨려 처리해야만 효과를 볼 수 있다. 비선택성 제초제는 잘못 사용하면 잔디도 죽을 수 있으므로 사용에 주의해야 한다. </SPAN></P><br />
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" ttsinit1="true" ttsinit2="true"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P><br />
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" ttsinit1="true" ttsinit2="true"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">한편, 잔디 싹이 나오지 않았다 하더라도 제초제를 중복으로 뿌리거나 많이 뿌리는 경우에 잔디가 죽는 등의 피해가 발생하므로 주의해야 한다. 또한 이들 제초제가 농작물에 묻으면 죽기 때문에 뿌릴 때 바람에 날리지 않도록 조심해야 한다.</SPAN></P><br />
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" ttsinit1="true" ttsinit2="true"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P><br />
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" ttsinit1="true" ttsinit2="true"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">농촌진흥청 작물보호과 이인용 연구관은 “우리나라 묘지에 자라는 잡초는 무려 196종이나 되므로 자칫 묘지 관리를 소홀히 할 경우 황폐화된다.”라며, “하지만 1년에 2∼3회 정도 알맞은 제초제만 뿌려주면 잡초 걱정 없이 묘지를 관리할 수 있다.”라고 말했다.</SPAN></P><br />
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" ttsinit1="true" ttsinit2="true"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P><br />
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 120%" ttsinit1="true" ttsinit2="true"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">[문의] 농촌진흥청 작물보호과장 고현관, 작물보호과 이인용 031-290-0418</SPAN></P></DIV><br />
<DIV class=informer>2013.03.29&nbsp;농촌진흥청<BR><BR>====================<BR><BR><br />
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=580 border=0><br />
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<TD class=Headline>‘그라목손’ 없는 제초제시장 각축전 치열 </TD></TR><br />
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<TD class=news01_01>‘제초제 시장을 잡아라!’<BR></TD></TR><br />
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<TD class=d9_01 style="PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><FONT color=#41835b><FONT color=#000000>한국농어민신문 2013년3월25일자&nbsp;(제2515호)<BR></FONT><A href="http://www.agrinet.co.kr/news/news_view.asp?idx=117607">http://www.agrinet.co.kr/news/news_view.asp?idx=117607</A></FONT></TD></TR><br />
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<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR><!--<br />
				사진기사에 체크된경우<br />
				첨부된사진의 사이즈를 for문으로 돌리면서 확인후<br />
				width(x)값이 400보다 큰경우 기사내용을 사진아래로 내리고 사진 가운데 정렬<br />
				2007-10-20 CS게시판 요청<br />
				--><br />
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<TD align=right>&nbsp;<IMG class=img_c height=210 src="http://www.agrinet.co.kr/data/equipment/2515-10-3.jpg" width=555></TD></TR><br />
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<TD class=d9_01>작물보호제 업계가 판매에 주력하고 있는 제초제 제품. </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR><br />
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<TD class=d9_01><BR><!-- 기사 내용 시작 --><FONT id=abc style="fontsize: 13px">영농철을 앞두고 작물보호제 업계의 제초제 시장 영역확대 경쟁이 치열하다. 이유는 올해부터 제초제의 대명사로 통하던 ‘그라목손’ 유통이 전면 금지된 데서 비롯된다. 비선택성 제초제 그라목손은 연간 평균 5000톤이 판매될 만큼 제초제 시장의 주력제품이었다. <BR><BR>하지만 정부의 고독성 농약 판매금지 정책에 따라 올해부터 생산, 유통이 중단됐다. 이에 업계는 자사 제초제의 판매 강화와 함께 신제품 출시나 중국에서 저가 복제품(제네릭)을 수입하는 등 그라목손 시장 분할이 치열하다. 올해 비선택성 제초제 시장은 7000톤 판매가 예상된다.<BR><BR>제품은 등록된 것만 40여개로 이 중 10여개가 리딩 제품이다. 성분 특성에 따라 글루포시네이트 암모늄 계통과 글리포세이트 계통으로 양분된다. 글루포시네이트 암모늄 성분을 함유한 제품은 ‘바스타’, ‘삭술이’가 대표품목. 글리포세이트 함유 제품은 ‘근사미’, ‘글라신’ 및 ‘터치다운’ 등이 있다. 글리포세이트 약제에 발아억제 효능이나 약효발현 촉진성분을 함유한 합제 형태의 ‘대장군’, ‘풀마기골드’, ‘푸레스타’ 등도 주력품이다.<BR><BR>주목제품은 바이엘코리아가 원제를 공급하는 ‘바스타’. 그라목손 대체제로 매년 판매량이 증가하고 있다. 2011년 120만병(평균 500ml 기준)에서 2012년 400만병에 이어 올해 600만병까지 늘어날 전망이다. 바이엘은 판매비중이 높은 바스타 500ml의 농협 계통판매 가격을 동결하고 판매 강화에 나선다.<BR><BR>바스타는 작용기작 특성상 살포 후 2~3일 후 약효가 발현되는데 지속기간은 30일로 기존 제품의 2배에 달한다. 또한 기존 약제에 저항성을 갖는 망초, 쇠뜨기 등의 잡초에 효과가 우수하다. 살포횟수와 사용 약량이 적어 노동력 절감 등 비용부담이 낮다는 설명이다. 바이엘은 바스타를 채소, 과일, 벼 등 26개 작물과 비농경지에 사용할 수 있는 약제로 등록하고, 농가 안전사용 교육을 강화하고 있다. <BR><BR>동부팜한농은 ‘삭술이 액제’, ‘근사미 액제’, ‘뉴풀마기 액상수화제’로 대응하고 있다. 삭술이는 접촉성 약제로 이행되지 않고 뿌리를 통해서도 흡수되지 않아 안전하다. 쑥과 쇠뜨기, 크로버 등 일년생 및 다년생 잡초에 유용하게 사용된다. 근사미는 뿌리까지 확실히 방제하고 인축 독성이 낮아 토양에도 안전하다. 과수 성목의 밑동에 묻어도 안전하고, 살포 후 작물을 파종하거나 이식해도 피해가 없다.<BR><BR>경농은 ‘대장군 입상수화제’를 주력품으로 내세운다. 대장군은 살포 후 2~5일부터 잡초의 잎과 줄기의 엽록소 및 잡초조직을 파괴시키면서 제초효과를 발휘한다. 약효 존속도 30~50일로 바람에 날릴 염려가 없고 인축과 환경에 안전하며, 물에 쉽게 녹아 사용이 편리하다.&nbsp; <BR><BR>영일케미컬은 신제품 추가와 함께 시장 확대에 주력한다. ‘여명 입제’와 ‘완결판 액상수화제’, ‘아주매 입제’가 대표제품. 이들 제품은 논 저항성 잡초약으로 물달개비, 올챙이 고랭이, 올방개, 벗풀, 알방동사니 등 다년생 잡초에도 효과적이다. <BR><BR>신젠타코리아는 ‘터치다운 아이큐’ 판매에 주력하고 있다. 잡초 흡수 이행이 빠르고 내우성이 강해 잡초 방제효과가 향상됐다. 과수원과 미농경지 등 광범위하게 사용되고 인축 독성이 낮으며, 환경에 대한 안전성도 높다. 업계 관계자는 “그라목손의 판매 금지와 함께 이를 점유하기 위한 경쟁이 치열하다”며 “그라목손의 판매량을 감안할 때 복제품 수입도 증가할 것”으로 전망했다.</FONT> <!-- 기사 내용 끝 --><BR><br />
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<TD class=d9_01 align=right>문광운 기자(<A href="mailto:moonkw@agrinet.co.kr">moonkw@agrinet.co.kr</A>) </TD></TR><!-- 페이스북 좋아요--><br />
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<TD><A href="_javascript:twitter('‘그라목손’ 없는 제초제시장 각축전 치열','http://www.agrinet.co.kr/news/news_view.asp?idx=117607&#038;category1=농산&#038;main_link=1')"></A>&nbsp;&nbsp;<A href="_javascript:facebook('http://www.agrinet.co.kr/news/news_view.asp?idx=117607&#038;category1=농산&#038;main_link=1','‘그라목손’ 없는 제초제시장 각축전 치열')"></A>&nbsp;&nbsp;<A href="_javascript:Me2Day('‘그라목손’ 없는 제초제시장 각축전 치열','http://www.agrinet.co.kr/news/news_view.asp?idx=117607&#038;category1=농산&#038;main_link=1','','')"></A>&nbsp;&nbsp;<A href="_javascript:YozmDaum('http://www.agrinet.co.kr/news/news_view.asp?idx=117607&#038;category1=농산&#038;main_link=1','‘그라목손’ 없는 제초제시장 각축전 치열','')"></A>&nbsp; </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD><br />
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		<title>동물용 성장호르몬의 문제점과  건강 영향</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=paper&#038;p=4739</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=paper&#038;p=4739#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 02 Nov 2012 11:43:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[공장식축산업]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rBGH]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[내부고발자]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[동물용 성장호르몬]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[몬산토]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[부스틴]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[성조숙증]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[안전성]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유방암]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[축산농가]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[파실락]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[광범위한 문헌을 통해 동물용 성장호르몬의 건강영향에 대해 체계적으로 정리한 자료입니다. 국내에서는 동물용 성장호르몬에 대해서 다룬 연구가 많지 않아  이번 이슈페이퍼가 더욱 의미있다고 생각되어 일독을 권합니다.   이번 이슈페이퍼는 지난 10월 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div style="font-family: Gulim; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px;">
<div><span style="line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-size: small;">광범위한 문헌을 통해 동물용 성장호르몬의 건강영향에 대해 체계적으로 정리한 자료입니다. </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">국내에서는 동물용 성장호르몬에 대해서 다룬 연구가 많지 않아  </span><span style="font-size: small;">이번 이슈페이퍼가 더욱 의미있다고 생각되어 일독을 권합니다.</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Gulim; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px;">이번 이슈페이퍼는 <span style="font-size: small;">지난 10월 11일 여성환경연대와 여성민우회생협 주최로 열린</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Gulim; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 바탕; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">&lt;</span>유전자조작호르몬의 건강영향과 동물복지를 이야기하다</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Gulim; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 바탕; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">- </span><b>동물용 성장호르몬<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 바탕; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">, </span>무엇이 문제인가</b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 바탕; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;"><b>?</b>&gt; </span>토론회의 발제문이기도 합니다. </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Gulim; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Gulim; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px;"></div>
<div style="font-family: Gulim; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;">=====================================================================</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Gulim; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gulim; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: normal;">  <b>동물용 성장호르몬의 문제점과  건강 영향</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Gulim; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span></div>
<p class="0" style="text-indent: 10.0pt; background: #ffffff; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">우리나라 사람들은 지난 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">2010</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">년 한 해 동안 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">인당 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">41.1kg(</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">쇠고기 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">8.8kg, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">돼지고기 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">19.1kg, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">닭고기 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">10.7kg, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">오리 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">2.5kg)</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">의 고기와 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">62.8kg</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">의 우유를 소비하였다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">우리나라의 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">인당 육류소비량은 지난 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1970</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">년만 하더라도 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">5.2kg</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">에 불과했으나</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">지난 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">40</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">년 동안 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">인당 고기 소비량이 무려 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">8</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">배나 늘어났다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이에 따라 농림수산업 분야에서 축산이 차지하는 비중은 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">2010</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">년 말 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">40.2%(17</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">조</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">천</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">7</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">백억 원</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">)</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">에 이르렀다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="0" style="text-indent: 10.0pt; background: #ffffff; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1980</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">년엔 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">99</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">만</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">8</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">천 농가에서 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">138</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">만 마리의 한우와 육우를 사육했으며</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, 22</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">만 농가에서 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">19</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">만</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">천 마리의 젖소를 길렀다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">또한 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">50</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">만</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">3</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">천 가구에서 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">176</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">만</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">천 마리의 돼지를 사육했으며</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, 69</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">만</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">2</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">천 농가에서 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">3</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">천</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">9</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">백</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">23</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">만 마리의 닭을 길렀다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">그런데 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">2010</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">년 말 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">17</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">만 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">2</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">천여 농가에서 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">295</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">만 마리의 한우와 육우를 사육하고 있으며</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, 6300</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">여 농가에서 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">42</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">만 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">9</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">천 마리의 젖소를 기르고 있다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">돼지와 닭은 농장의 규모가 더욱 커져서 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">7300</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">여 농가에서 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">988</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">만 마리의 돼지를 사육하고 있으며</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, 3200</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">여 농가에서 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">억 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">3</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">천</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">9</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">백만 마리의 닭을 기르고 있다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">지난 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">30</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">년 사이에 축산농가의 규모는 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">12</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">배가량 줄어든 반면</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">가축사육 규모는 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">배 가량 늘어났다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="0" style="text-indent: 10.0pt; background: #ffffff; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">2010</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">년 기준으로 축산육류의 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">77.6%, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">우유의 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">65.4%</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">를 국내에서 생산하고 있다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">축산육류의 자급률을 구체적으로 살펴보면</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">쇠고기 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">43.2%, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">돼지고기 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">80.9%, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">닭고기 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">79.7%</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">에 이른다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="0" style="text-indent: 10.0pt; background: #ffffff; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">그러나 고기 소비량이 늘어난 것과 정반대로 축산농가의 숫자는 점점 줄어들고 있다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. (1990</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">년 말 한</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">․</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">육우 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">62</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">만</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">266</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">호</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">젖소 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">3</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">만</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">3277</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">호</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">돼지 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">만</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">3348</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">호</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">닭 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">16</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">만</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1357</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">호</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">) </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">소규모 농가에서 많은 수의 가축을 산업적으로 사육하고 있는 현대의 축산업 시스템에서 생산량을 최대화하고 비용을 최소화는 방법 중 하나로 동물용 성장호르몬을 사용해왔다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="0" style="text-indent: 10.0pt; background: #ffffff; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="0" style="text-indent: 10.0pt; background: #ffffff; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; mso-padding-alt: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 휴먼명조; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">*이슈페이퍼 전체를 보려면 첨부파일을 다운로드 받으세요. </span></span></p>
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		<title>[유방암] 야근 많은 여성이 유방암 위험 더 높다</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3358</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3358#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 May 2012 01:46:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[야근]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유방암]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[직업]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[환경]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3358</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><P><'직업 및 환경 의학(Occupational and Environmental Medicine)>에&nbsp;1964년부터 35년간<BR>덴마크 여성 1만8천500명에 대한 유방암 추적 연구결과가 발표되었습니다.</P><br />
<P>야근을 하지 않은 일반 근무자에 비해 새벽형 여성의 유방암 발병률은 4배나 높았습니다.<BR>연구팀은 장기간 반복된 야간 근무로 생체리듬이 깨지면서 수면을 촉진하는 멜라토닌 <BR>분비에 영향을 미쳐 암 발병으로 이어지는 것으로 추정했습니다.</P><br />
<P>Occup Environ Med 2012;69:417-421 doi:10.1136/oemed-2011-100313 </P><br />
<P>Cardiovascular disease mortality among British asbestos workers (1971–2005)</P><br />
<P><A href="http://oem.bmj.com/content/69/6/417.full">http://oem.bmj.com/content/69/6/417.full</A><BR><A href="http://oem.bmj.com/content/69/6/417.full.pdf+html">http://oem.bmj.com/content/69/6/417.full.pdf+html</A> (PDF 파일)<BR><BR></P><br />
<DIV class=contributors sizcache="29" sizset="28"><br />
<OL class=contributor-list id=contrib-group-1 sizcache="29" sizset="28"><br />
<LI class=contributor id=contrib-1 sizcache="29" sizset="28" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author"><SPAN class=name sizcache="29" sizset="28" itemprop="name"><A class=name-search href="http://oem.bmj.com/search?author1=Anne-Helen+Harding&#038;sortspec=date&#038;submit=Submit" jQuery1338351981395="56">Anne-Helen Harding</A></SPAN><A class=xref-aff id=xref-aff-1-1 href="http://oem.bmj.com/content/69/6/417.full#aff-1" jQuery1338351981395="57">1</A>,<br />
<LI class=contributor id=contrib-2 sizcache="29" sizset="30" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author"><SPAN class=name sizcache="29" sizset="30" itemprop="name"><A class=name-search href="http://oem.bmj.com/search?author1=Andrew+Darnton&#038;sortspec=date&#038;submit=Submit" jQuery1338351981395="58">Andrew Darnton</A></SPAN><A class=xref-aff id=xref-aff-2-1 href="http://oem.bmj.com/content/69/6/417.full#aff-2" jQuery1338351981395="59">2</A>,<br />
<LI class=last id=contrib-3 sizcache="29" sizset="32"><SPAN class=name sizcache="29" sizset="32"><A class=name-search href="http://oem.bmj.com/search?author1=John+Osman&#038;sortspec=date&#038;submit=Submit" jQuery1338351981395="60">John Osman</A></SPAN><A class=xref-aff id=xref-aff-2-2 href="http://oem.bmj.com/content/69/6/417.full#aff-2" jQuery1338351981395="61">2</A> </LI></OL><br />
<P class=affiliation-list-reveal sizcache="29" sizset="34"><A class=view-more href="http://oem.bmj.com/content/69/6/417.full#" jQuery1338351981395="316">+</A> Author Affiliations</P><br />
<OL class="affiliation-list hideaffil" sizcache="29" sizset="35"><br />
<LI class=aff sizcache="29" sizset="35"><A id=aff-1 name=aff-1 jQuery1338351981395="62"></A><br />
<ADDRESS><SUP>1</SUP>Mathematical Sciences Unit, Health and Safety Laboratory, Buxton, Derbyshire, UK </ADDRESS><br />
<LI class=aff sizcache="29" sizset="36"><A id=aff-2 name=aff-2 jQuery1338351981395="63"></A><br />
<ADDRESS><SUP>2</SUP>Health and Safety Executive, Bootle, Merseyside, UK </ADDRESS></LI></OL><br />
<OL class=corresp-list sizcache="29" sizset="37"><br />
<LI class=corresp id=corresp-1 sizcache="29" sizset="37"><SPAN class=corresp-label>Correspondence to</SPAN> Dr Anne-Helen Harding, Mathematical Sciences Unit, Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK; <A href="mailto:anne-helen.harding@hsl.gov.uk" jQuery1338351981395="64">anne-helen.harding@hsl.gov.uk</A> </LI></OL><br />
<OL class=fn-track><br />
<LI class=fn-con id=fn-7><br />
<P id=p-34><SPAN class=fn-label><STRONG>Contributors</STRONG></SPAN> A-HH undertook the data analysis; A-HH, AD and JO jointly drafted the manuscript. </P></LI></OL><br />
<UL class=history-list><br />
<LI class=accepted xmlns:hwp="http://schema.highwire.org/Journal" hwp:start="2012-02-06"><SPAN class=accepted-label>Accepted </SPAN>6 February 2012<br />
<LI class=published-online><SPAN class=published-label>Published Online First </SPAN>2 April 2012 </LI></UL></DIV><br />
<DIV class="section abstract" id=abstract-1 sizcache="29" sizset="38" itemprop="description"><br />
<DIV class=section-nav sizcache="29" sizset="38"><br />
<DIV class=nav-placeholder>&nbsp;</DIV><A class=next-section-link title=Introduction href="http://oem.bmj.com/content/69/6/417.full#sec-5" jQuery1338351981395="65"><SPAN>Next Section</SPAN></A></DIV><br />
<H2>Abstract</H2><br />
<DIV class=subsection id=sec-1><br />
<P id=p-1><STRONG>Objectives</STRONG> Asbestos is an inflammatory agent, and there is evidence that inflammatory processes are involved in the development of cardiovascular disease. Whether asbestos is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease has not been established. The objective of this study was to investigate cardiovascular disease mortality in a large cohort of workers occupationally exposed to asbestos. </P></DIV><br />
<DIV class=subsection id=sec-2><br />
<P id=p-2><STRONG>Methods</STRONG> Cardiovascular disease mortality in a cohort of 98 912 asbestos workers, with median follow-up of 19 years, was analysed. Unadjusted and smoking-adjusted standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated. The association between indicators of asbestos exposure and mortality was analysed with Poisson regression models, for deaths occurring during the period 1971–2005. </P></DIV><br />
<DIV class=subsection id=sec-3><br />
<P id=p-3><STRONG>Results</STRONG> Altogether 15 557 deaths from all causes, 1053 deaths from cerebrovascular disease and 4185 deaths from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) occurred during follow-up. There was statistically significant excess mortality from cerebrovascular disease (SMR: men 1.63, women 2.04) and IHD (SMR: men 1.39, women 1.89). Job and birth cohort were associated with the risk of cerebrovascular and IHD mortality in the Poisson regression model including sex, age, smoking status, job, cohort and duration of exposure. For IHD only, duration of exposure was also statistically significant in this model. </P></DIV><br />
<DIV class=subsection id=sec-4><br />
<P id=p-4><STRONG>Conclusions</STRONG> Cerebrovascular and IHD mortality was significantly higher among these asbestos workers than in the general population and within the cohort mortality was associated with indicators of asbestos exposure. These findings provide some evidence that occupational exposure to asbestos was associated with cardiovascular disease mortality in this group of workers. <BR><BR>================================<BR><BR>Night shift linked to breast cancer rates</P></DIV></DIV><br />
<P><BR>출처 : UPI May 29, 2012 at 1:11 AM <BR><A href="http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2012/05/29/Night-shift-linked-to-breast-cancer-rates/UPI-87351338268294/">http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2012/05/29/Night-shift-linked-to-breast-cancer-rates/UPI-87351338268294/</A></P><br />
<P><BR>COPENHAGEN, Denmark, May 29 (UPI) &#8212; Working night shifts more than twice a week is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, researchers in Denmark found.</P><br />
<P>The study, published online in Occupational and Environmental Medicine, found the increased breast cancer risk seemed to be cumulative and strongest among those who describe themselves as &#8220;morning&#8221; people or &#8220;larks,&#8221; rather than &#8220;evening&#8221; people or &#8220;nightowls.&#8221;</P><br />
<P>Dr. Johnni Hansen, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society in Copenhagen, Denmark, said the study involved more than 18,500 women working for the Danish Army from 1964 to1999, all of whom had been born between 1929 and 1968.</P><br />
<P>Hansen and colleagues were able to contact 210 women out of a total of 218 who had had breast cancer between 1990 and 2003, and were still alive in 2005/2006.</P><br />
<P>These women were then matched with 899 women without breast cancer, Hansen said.</P><br />
<P>In all, 141 of those with breast cancer, and 551 of those free of the disease, completed a detailed 28-page questionnaire.</P><br />
<P>The results, based on 692 responses &#8211;141 from women with breast cancer &#8212; showed that, overall, night shift work was associated with a 40 percent increased risk of breast cancer, compared with no night shifts.</P><br />
<P>The findings were published online in Occupational and Environmental Medicine.<BR><BR>================================</P><br />
<DIV class=bd id=yui_3_4_0_1_1338305846125_660><br />
<H1 class=headline id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_280>Night Shift Might Boost Women&#8217;s Breast Cancer Risk: Study</H1><A href="http://www.healthday.com/" rel=nofollow><IMG class=logo title="" alt=HealthDay src="http://l.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1.2/xydzq9Wyo6aSPoWmdBR22w--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld3M7Zmk9Zml0O2g9Mjc-/http://media.zenfs.com/en_us/News/logo/healthday/healthday_logo_86.jpg"></A><CITE class="byline vcard" id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_278>By <SPAN class=fn id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_277><B id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_276>By Steven Reinberg</B><BR>HealthDay Reporter</SPAN> | <SPAN class="provider org">HealthDay</SPAN>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<ABBR id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_279 title=2012-05-29T13:04:17Z>2 hrs 33 mins ago</ABBR></CITE></DIV><br />
<DIV class=bd id=yui_3_4_0_1_1338305846125_660><CITE class="byline vcard" id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_278><ABBR id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_279 title=2012-05-29T13:04:17Z><A href="http://news.yahoo.com/night-shift-might-boost-womens-breast-cancer-risk-231210294.html;_ylt=A2KJjagw7cRPSX0AtJLQtDMD">http://news.yahoo.com/night-shift-might-boost-womens-breast-cancer-risk-231210294.html;_ylt=A2KJjagw7cRPSX0AtJLQtDMD</A><BR><br />
<P class=first id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_197>MONDAY, May 28 (HealthDay News) &#8212; Women who work the <SPAN class="yshortcuts cs4-ndcor" id=lw_1338296659_5>night shift</SPAN> more than twice a week might be increasing their risk for <SPAN class="yshortcuts cs4-visible" id=lw_1338296659_0><FONT color=#366388>breast cancer</FONT></SPAN>, Danish researchers find.</P><br />
<P id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_281>Moreover, the risk appears to be cumulative and highest among women who describe themselves as &#8220;morning&#8221; people rather than &#8220;evening&#8221; people, the researchers say.</P><br />
<P id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_203>&#8220;About 10 to 20 percent of women in modern societies have night shift work,&#8221; said lead researcher <SPAN class="yshortcuts cs4-ndcor" id=lw_1338296659_6>Johnni Hansen</SPAN>. &#8220;It might therefore be one of the largest occupational problems related to <SPAN class="yshortcuts cs4-visible" id=lw_1338296659_3><FONT color=#366388>cancer</FONT></SPAN>.&#8221;</P><br />
<P>Right now, the reasons for these findings are uncertain.</P><br />
<P>&#8220;Night shift work involves exposure to light at night, which decreases the production of the night hormone melatonin that seems to protect against certain cancers,&#8221; said Hansen, of the Institute of Cancer Epidemiology at the Danish Cancer Society, in Copenhagen. </P><br />
<P>In addition, light at night might introduce circadian disruption, where the master clock in the brain becomes desynchronized from local cellular clocks in different body organs, affecting the breast, he said. </P><br />
<P id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_282>&#8220;Repeated phase shifting may lead to defects in the regulation of the circadian cell cycle, thus favoring uncontrolled growth,&#8221; Hansen said. </P><br />
<P>Also, sleep deprivation after night shift work leads to the suppression of the immune system, which might increase the growth of cancer cells, he added.</P><br />
<P>This is not the first time this association has been recognized. In 2007 the International Agency for Research on Cancer, part of the World Health Organization, said that working the night shift is &#8220;probably carcinogenic to humans,&#8221; according to background information in the study.</P><br />
<P>The new study was published in the May 28 online edition of <I>Occupational and Environmental Medicine</I>.</P><br />
<P>To determine the effect of night shift work on the risk for breast cancer, Hansen&#8217;s team collected data on more than 18,500 women who worked for the Danish Army between 1964 and 1999.</P><br />
<P>The researchers identified 210 women who had breast cancer and compared them to almost 900 similar women who did not have breast cancer.</P><br />
<P id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_283>All of the women were asked about their working patterns, lifestyles and other factors such as their use of contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, and their sunbathing habits.</P><br />
<P>In addition, women were asked to classify themselves as &#8220;morning&#8221; or &#8220;evening&#8221; people.</P><br />
<P>In all, 141 women with breast cancer responded to the study questionnaires. In addition, 551 women who did not have breast cancer responded.</P><br />
<P>Among these women, the risk for breast cancer was increased 40 percent if they worked at night, the researchers found.</P><br />
<P>But for women who worked nights at least three times a week, and for at least six years, the risk was doubled, the findings showed.</P><br />
<P id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_204>Women who worked <SPAN class="yshortcuts cs4-ndcor" id=lw_1338296659_4>the night shift</SPAN> but who described themselves as morning people were at even higher risk of breast cancer. They were almost four times more likely to develop breast cancer as those who didn&#8217;t work nights, according to the researchers. </P><br />
<P id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_275>In comparison, women who considered themselves evening people were twice as likely to develop breast cancer, they added. </P><br />
<P>Morning-preferring women who did not work at night had a lower overall risk of breast cancer than evening types, Hansen&#8217;s team found.</P><br />
<P id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_284>&#8220;Since night shift work is unavoidable in modern societies, this type of work should be limited in duration and limited to less than three night shifts per week,&#8221; Hansen said. &#8220;In particular, morning types should limit their night work,&#8221; he added.</P><br />
<P id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_285>While the study found an association between night shift work and breast cancer, it did not prove a cause-and-effect relationship.</P><br />
<P id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_202>Men who work at night may also be at risk for <SPAN class="yshortcuts cs4-visible" id=lw_1338296659_2><FONT color=#366388>prostate cancer</FONT></SPAN>, Hansen noted. This evidence comes from three small studies, he said. </P><br />
<P>Dr. Stephanie Bernik, chief of surgical oncology at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City, said that &#8220;it&#8217;s very hard to single out the causes of breast cancer and whether women on the night shift have a higher risk.&#8221;</P><br />
<P>But there appears to be some truth to this, she added. </P><br />
<P>&#8220;Stress increases the risk of breast cancer and affects the body as a whole, and working at night can throw off your circadian rhythm and cause stress,&#8221; Bernik said.</P><br />
<P>&#8220;This is another finding that breast cancer is caused by a multitude of different environmental and genetic influences, so this is probably a piece of the puzzle,&#8221; she added.</P><br />
<P id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_286>An expert on environmental factors that affect cancer, Richard Stevens, from the department of community medicine at the UConn Health Center in Farmington, Conn., said that &#8220;the evidence is growing rapidly about light at night and, specifically, shift work and breast cancer.&#8221;</P><br />
<P>&#8220;But, this is the first study about the morning/evening preference,&#8221; he noted.</P><br />
<P id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_287>&#8220;If it&#8217;s true that light at night increases the risk of disease, then there are very practical implications,&#8221; Stevens said. </P><br />
<P>If lighting is really an issue in night work, it is known which wavelengths suppress melatonin the most, and lighting could be adjusted to eliminate those wavelengths, he explained. </P><br />
<P>There are other things people can do to avoid the effects of light at night on health, he added.</P><br />
<P id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_294>&#8220;For example, for health in general, if you wake up during the night, stay in the dark; don&#8217;t turn on the light. If you turn on the lights it will start suppressing melatonin immediately,&#8221; Stevens said.</P><br />
<P id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_295>&#8220;There is a lot more involved than melatonin, but it&#8217;s a good marker if your circadian rhythm is being changed,&#8221; he said. </P><br />
<P id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_296>Studies are ongoing on the risk of night work and prostate cancer, Stevens noted.</P><br />
<P id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_301><B>More information</B></P><br />
<P id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_297>For more about breast cancer, visit the <A id=yui_3_4_0_22_1338305846125_300 href="http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/BreastCancer/index" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#005790>American Cancer Society</FONT></A>.</P></ABBR></CITE></DIV><BR><BR></p>
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		<title>[유방암] 비스페놀 A(BPA), 원숭이 실험에서 유방암 위험 증가</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3357</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3357#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 May 2012 01:35:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[BPA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[발암물질]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[비스페놀A]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[원숭이]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유방암]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[플라스틱 용기]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3357</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[음식을 담는 플라스틱 용기의 원료로 사용되고 있는 비스페놀 A(BPA)가 원숭이 실험에서 유방암의 발생에 영향을 끼치는 것으로 나타났다는 워싱턴 주립대학과 터프츠 대학 공동연구팀의 연구결과를 소개하고 있는 데일리메일 기사입니다.New breast [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>음식을 담는 플라스틱 용기의 원료로 사용되고 있는 비스페놀 A(BPA)가 원숭이 실험에서 유방암의 발생에 영향을 끼치는 것으로 나타났다는 워싱턴 주립대학과 터프츠 대학 공동연구팀의 연구결과를 소개하고 있는 데일리메일 기사입니다.<BR><BR>New breast cancer fears: Chemical widely used in plastic packaging affects mammary gland development in monkeys<br />
<P>By <A class=author href="/home/search.html?s=&#038;authornamef=Ted+Thornhill" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#003580>Ted Thornhill</FONT></A></P><br />
<P><SPAN class=article-timestamp><FONT size=2>출처 : 데일리메일&nbsp;19:00 GMT, 7 May 2012 </FONT></SPAN>| <SPAN class=article-timestamp><FONT size=2><STRONG>UPDATED:</STRONG> 19:03 GMT, 7 May 2012 </FONT></SPAN><BR><A href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2140885/New-breast-cancer-fears-BPA.html?ITO=1490">http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2140885/New-breast-cancer-fears-BPA.html?ITO=1490</A><BR><BR></P><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>Cancer fears have grown over a chemical widely used in plastic packaging and food-can linings after new research showed that it affected the development of monkey breasts.</FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>Various studies have linked Bisphenol A (BPA) to breast cancer &#8211; and now teams at Washington State University and Tufts University have added weight to these findings.<BR></FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>They found that foetal exposure to the plastic additive alters mammary gland development in primates.</FONT></P><br />
<DIV class=clear><FONT size=3></FONT></DIV><br />
<DIV class=thinCenter><FONT size=3><IMG class=blkBorder height=286 alt="Cause for concern: BPA exposure affected breast development in rhesus macaques" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/05/07/article-2140885-0016FCCD00000258-95_468x286.jpg" width=468></FONT><br />
<P class=imageCaption>Cause for concern: BPA exposure affected breast development in rhesus macaques</P></DIV><br />
<DIV class="art-insert health"><br />
<H3 class=wocc style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">THE POTENTIALLY DEADLY CHEMICAL IN COMMON USE</H3><br />
<DIV class="ins cleared xolcc bdrcc"><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic compound used in a wide variety of products, mostly plastics. </FONT><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em"><BR></FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>It is controversial because many studies have shown that it has adverse health affects, while others say it is not a&nbsp; concern.</FONT><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em"><BR></FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>The World Health Organisation has not limited or banned the use of the chemical in industry, but the EU and Canada has banned its use in baby bottles. In 2010 Canada became the first country to declare BPA a toxic substance.</FONT><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em"><BR></FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>Various studies have linked BPA to prostate and breast cancer, while another showed it can affect brain function in lab rats.</FONT><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em"><BR></FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>A 2009 study on Chinese workers in BPA factories found that they were four times more likely to report erectile dysfunction and reduced sexual desire than workers with no heightened BPA exposure.</FONT></P></DIV></DIV><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>Lead author Patricia Hunt said: ‘Previous studies in mice have demonstrated that low doses of BPA alter the developing mammary gland and that these subtle changes increase the risk of cancer in the adult.</FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>‘Some have questioned the relevance of these findings in mice to humans. But finding the same thing in a primate model really hits uncomfortably close to home.’</FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>For the research the structure of newborn mammary glands from BPA-exposed and unexposed female rhesus macaques were compared. </FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>Pregnant monkeys were fed a piece of fruit containing a small amount of BPA each day during the gestational period corresponding to the human third trimester of pregnancy, resulting in blood levels of BPA comparable to those of many humans today.</FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>The researchers found that, at birth, the density of mammary buds was significantly increased in BPA-exposed monkeys, and the overall development of the mammary gland was more advanced compared to unexposed monkeys.</FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>Previous studies have shown that exposing rodents to tiny amounts of BPA can alter mammary gland development, leading to pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions when the animals exposed in utero reach adult age.</FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>The researchers said the primate research makes them confident that the rodent mammary gland is a reliable model to study developmental exposures to chemicals like BPA that disrupt a mammal&#8217;s estrogen activity.</FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>Tufts University School of Medicine researcher Ana Soto said: ‘This study buttresses previous findings showing that foetal exposure to low xenoestrogen levels causes developmental alterations that in turn increase the risk of mammary cancer later in life.</FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>‘Because BPA is chemically related to diethylstilbestrol, an estrogen that increased the risk of breast cancer in both rodents and women exposed in the womb, the sum of all these findings strongly suggests that BPA is a breast carcinogen in humans and human exposure to BPA should be curtailed.’<BR></FONT></P><br />
<P><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 1.2em" size=3>The research appears in the latest Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences.</FONT><BR><BR>=====================<BR><BR></P><br />
<UL class=cit-auth-list><br />
<LI class=first-item><SPAN class="cit-auth cit-auth-type-author">Andrew P. Tharp</SPAN><SPAN class="cit-sep cit-sep-separator">, </SPAN><br />
<LI><SPAN class="cit-auth cit-auth-type-author">Maricel V. Maffini</SPAN><SPAN class="cit-sep cit-sep-separator">, </SPAN><br />
<LI><SPAN class="cit-auth cit-auth-type-author">Patricia A. Hunt</SPAN><SPAN class="cit-sep cit-sep-separator">, </SPAN><br />
<LI><SPAN class="cit-auth cit-auth-type-author">Catherine A. VandeVoort</SPAN><SPAN class="cit-sep cit-sep-separator">, </SPAN><br />
<LI><SPAN class="cit-auth cit-auth-type-author">Carlos Sonnenschein</SPAN><SPAN class="cit-sep cit-sep-separator">, </SPAN><br />
<LI class=last-item><SPAN class="cit-sep cit-sep-last-separator">and </SPAN><SPAN class="cit-auth cit-auth-type-author">Ana M. Soto</SPAN> </LI></UL><br />
<P><SPAN class=cit-title>Bisphenol A alters the development of the rhesus monkey mammary gland </SPAN><CITE><ABBR class=site-title title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">PNAS</ABBR> <SPAN class=cit-print-date>2012 </SPAN><SPAN class=cit-vol>109 </SPAN><SPAN class=cit-issue><SPAN class="cit-sep cit-sep-before-article-issue">(</SPAN>21<SPAN class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-issue">)</SPAN> </SPAN><SPAN class=cit-pages><SPAN class=cit-first-page>8190</SPAN><SPAN class=cit-sep>-</SPAN><SPAN class=cit-last-page>8195</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-pages">; </SPAN><SPAN class=cit-ahead-of-print-date><SPAN class="cit-sep cit-sep-before-article-ahead-of-print-date">published ahead of print </SPAN>May 7, 2012<SPAN class="cit-sep cit-sep-after-article-ahead-of-print-date">, </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=cit-doi><SPAN class="cit-sep cit-sep-before-article-doi">doi:</SPAN>10.1073/pnas.1120488109 <BR><BR><A href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/8190.abstract?sid=9042efe9-16d9-4b47-8689-8f589d06f86d">http://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/8190.abstract?sid=9042efe9-16d9-4b47-8689-8f589d06f86d</A><BR><BR></P><br />
<H1 id=article-title-1 itemprop="headline">Bisphenol A alters the development of the rhesus monkey mammary gland</H1><br />
<DIV class=contributors sizcache="24" sizset="0"><br />
<OL class=contributor-list id=contrib-group-1 sizcache="24" sizset="0"><br />
<LI class=contributor id=contrib-1 sizcache="24" sizset="0" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author"><SPAN class=name itemprop="name"><A class=name-search href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Andrew+P.+Tharp&#038;sortspec=date&#038;submit=Submit">Andrew P. Tharp</A></SPAN><A class=xref-aff id=xref-aff-1-1 href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/8190.abstract?sid=9042efe9-16d9-4b47-8689-8f589d06f86d#aff-1" jQuery16108749992032427345="18"><SUP>a</SUP></A><SPAN class=xref-sep>,</SPAN><A class=xref-fn id=xref-fn-3-1 href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/8190.abstract?sid=9042efe9-16d9-4b47-8689-8f589d06f86d#fn-3"><SUP>1</SUP></A>,<br />
<LI class=contributor id=contrib-2 sizcache="24" sizset="1" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author"><SPAN class=name itemprop="name"><A class=name-search href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Maricel+V.+Maffini&#038;sortspec=date&#038;submit=Submit">Maricel V. Maffini</A></SPAN><A class=xref-aff id=xref-aff-1-2 href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/8190.abstract?sid=9042efe9-16d9-4b47-8689-8f589d06f86d#aff-1" jQuery16108749992032427345="19"><SUP>a</SUP></A><SPAN class=xref-sep>,</SPAN><A class=xref-fn id=xref-fn-3-2 href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/8190.abstract?sid=9042efe9-16d9-4b47-8689-8f589d06f86d#fn-3"><SUP>1</SUP></A>,<br />
<LI class=contributor id=contrib-3 sizcache="24" sizset="2" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author"><SPAN class=name itemprop="name"><A class=name-search href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Patricia+A.+Hunt&#038;sortspec=date&#038;submit=Submit">Patricia A. Hunt</A></SPAN><A class=xref-aff id=xref-aff-2-1 href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/8190.abstract?sid=9042efe9-16d9-4b47-8689-8f589d06f86d#aff-2" jQuery16108749992032427345="20"><SUP>b</SUP></A>,<br />
<LI class=contributor id=contrib-4 sizcache="24" sizset="3" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author"><SPAN class=name itemprop="name"><A class=name-search href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Catherine+A.+VandeVoort&#038;sortspec=date&#038;submit=Submit">Catherine A. VandeVoort</A></SPAN><A class=xref-aff id=xref-aff-3-1 href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/8190.abstract?sid=9042efe9-16d9-4b47-8689-8f589d06f86d#aff-3" jQuery16108749992032427345="21"><SUP>c</SUP></A>,<br />
<LI class=contributor id=contrib-5 sizcache="24" sizset="4" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author"><SPAN class=name itemprop="name"><A class=name-search href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Carlos+Sonnenschein&#038;sortspec=date&#038;submit=Submit">Carlos Sonnenschein</A></SPAN><A class=xref-aff id=xref-aff-1-3 href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/8190.abstract?sid=9042efe9-16d9-4b47-8689-8f589d06f86d#aff-1" jQuery16108749992032427345="22"><SUP>a</SUP></A>, and<br />
<LI class=last id=contrib-6 sizcache="24" sizset="5"><SPAN class=name><A class=name-search href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Ana+M.+Soto&#038;sortspec=date&#038;submit=Submit">Ana M. Soto</A></SPAN><A class=xref-aff id=xref-aff-1-4 href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/8190.abstract?sid=9042efe9-16d9-4b47-8689-8f589d06f86d#aff-1" jQuery16108749992032427345="23"><SUP>a</SUP></A><SPAN class=xref-sep>,</SPAN><A class=xref-corresp id=xref-corresp-1-1 href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/8190.abstract?sid=9042efe9-16d9-4b47-8689-8f589d06f86d#corresp-1"><SUP>2</SUP></A> </LI></OL><br />
<P class=affiliation-list-reveal sizcache="18" sizset="0"><A class=view-more href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/8190.abstract?sid=9042efe9-16d9-4b47-8689-8f589d06f86d#" jQuery16108749992032427345="17">+</A> Author Affiliations</P><br />
<OL class="affiliation-list hideaffil"><br />
<LI class=aff><A id=aff-1 name=aff-1></A><br />
<ADDRESS><SUP>a</SUP>Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, <SPAN class=addr-line>MA</SPAN> 02111; </ADDRESS><br />
<LI class=aff><A id=aff-2 name=aff-2></A><br />
<ADDRESS><SUP>b</SUP>School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, <SPAN class=addr-line>WA</SPAN> 99164; and </ADDRESS><br />
<LI class=aff><A id=aff-3 name=aff-3></A><br />
<ADDRESS><SUP>c</SUP>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, <SPAN class=addr-line>CA</SPAN> 95616 </ADDRESS></LI></OL><br />
<OL class=fn-track><br />
<LI class=fn-edited-by id=fn-1><br />
<P id=p-1>Edited<A class=xref-fn id=xref-fn-6-1 href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/8190.abstract?sid=9042efe9-16d9-4b47-8689-8f589d06f86d#fn-6">*</A> by Joan V. Ruderman, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and approved April 2, 2012 (received for review January 3, 2012) </P></LI></OL></DIV><br />
<DIV class="section abstract" id=abstract-1 itemprop="description"><br />
<H2>Abstract</H2><br />
<P id=p-4>The xenoestrogen bisphenol A (BPA) used in the manufacturing of various plastics and resins for food packaging and consumer products has been shown to produce numerous endocrine and developmental effects in rodents. Exposure to low doses of BPA during fetal mammary gland development resulted in significant alterations in the gland’s morphology that varied from subtle ones observed during the exposure period to precancerous and cancerous lesions manifested in adulthood. This study assessed the effects of BPA on fetal mammary gland development in nonhuman primates. Pregnant rhesus monkeys were fed 400 μg of BPA per kg of body weight daily from gestational day 100 to term, which resulted in 0.68 ± 0.312 ng of unconjugated BPA per mL of maternal serum, a level comparable to that found in humans. At birth, the mammary glands of female offspring were removed for morphological analysis. Morphological parameters similar to those shown to be affected in rodents exposed prenatally to BPA were measured in whole-mounted glands; estrogen receptor (ER) α and β expression were assessed in paraffin sections. Student&#8217;s <EM>t</EM> tests for equality of means were used to assess differences between exposed and unexposed groups. The density of mammary buds was significantly increased in BPA-exposed monkeys, and the overall development of their mammary gland was more advanced compared with unexposed monkeys. No significant differences were observed in ER expression. Altogether, gestational exposure to the estrogen-mimic BPA altered the developing mammary glands of female nonhuman primates in a comparable manner to that observed in rodents. </P></DIV><br />
<UL class=kwd-group><br />
<LI class=kwd><SPAN><A class=kwd-search href="http://www.pnas.org/search?fulltext=endocrine+disruptor&#038;sortspec=date&#038;submit=Submit&#038;andorexactfulltext=phrase">endocrine disruptor</A></SPAN><br />
<LI class=kwd><SPAN><A class=kwd-search href="http://www.pnas.org/search?fulltext=perinatal+exposure&#038;sortspec=date&#038;submit=Submit&#038;andorexactfulltext=phrase">perinatal exposure</A></SPAN><br />
<LI class=kwd><SPAN><A class=kwd-search href="http://www.pnas.org/search?fulltext=morphogenesis&#038;sortspec=date&#038;submit=Submit&#038;andorexactfulltext=phrase">morphogenesis</A></SPAN><br />
<LI class=kwd><SPAN><A class=kwd-search href="http://www.pnas.org/search?fulltext=internal+dose&#038;sortspec=date&#038;submit=Submit&#038;andorexactfulltext=phrase">internal dose</A></SPAN><br />
<LI class=kwd><SPAN><A class=kwd-search href="http://www.pnas.org/search?fulltext=mammogenesis&#038;sortspec=date&#038;submit=Submit&#038;andorexactfulltext=phrase">mammogenesis</A></SPAN> </LI></UL><br />
<DIV class="section fn-group" id=fn-group-1><br />
<H2>Footnotes</H2><br />
<UL class=pnas-footnotes><br />
<LI class=fn-equal id=fn-3><br />
<P id=p-3><A class=rev-xref href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/8190.abstract?sid=9042efe9-16d9-4b47-8689-8f589d06f86d#xref-fn-3-1">↵</A><SUP>1</SUP>A.P.T. and M.V.M. contributed equally to this work. </P></LI><br />
<LI class=corresp id=corresp-1><A class=rev-xref href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/8190.abstract?sid=9042efe9-16d9-4b47-8689-8f589d06f86d#xref-corresp-1-1">↵</A><SUP>2</SUP>To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: <A href="mailto:ana.soto@tufts.edu">ana.soto@tufts.edu</A>. </LI></UL><br />
<UL><br />
<LI class=fn-other id=fn-2><br />
<P id=p-2>Author contributions: P.A.H. and A.M.S. designed research; A.P.T., M.V.M., and C.A.V. performed research; A.P.T., M.V.M., C.S., and A.M.S. analyzed data; and A.P.T., M.V.M., C.S., and A.M.S. wrote the paper. </P></LI><br />
<LI class=fn-conflict id=fn-5><br />
<P id=p-40>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</P></LI><br />
<LI class=fn-other id=fn-6><br />
<P id=p-41><A class=rev-xref href="http://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/8190.abstract?sid=9042efe9-16d9-4b47-8689-8f589d06f86d#xref-fn-6-1">↵</A>*This Direct Submission article had a prearranged </SPAN></CITE><BR></P></LI></UL></DIV></p>
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