담배에 관한 중요한 사실 

1) 담배는 흡연자 2명 중 1명을 죽음에 이르게 한다.
2) 담배는 매년 6백만 명의 사람을 죽인다. 5백만 명은 흡연자 및 과거 흡연자이며,
60만명은 간접 흡연에 노출된 비흡연자이다. 긴급하게 흡연 규제 조치를 취하지 않는다면,
2030년엔 해마다 8백만 명 이상의 사람이 담배로 인해 사망할 것이다.
3) 전 세계 흡연자 10명 중 8명은 개발도상국 또는 저개발 국가에 거주한다.
4) 고소득 또는 중등도 소득 이상 국가에서 담배 소비가 감소하고 있음에도 불구하고,
전 세계적으로 담배 제품의 소비는 계속 증가하고 있다.

Tobacco

Key facts

• Tobacco kills up to half of its users.
  
• Tobacco kills nearly six million people each year, of whom more than 5 million are users and ex users and more than 600 000 are nonsmokers exposed to second-hand smoke. Unless urgent action is taken, the annual death toll could rise to more than eight million by 2030.
  
• Nearly 80% of the world’s one billion smokers live in low- and middle-income countries.
  
• Consumption of tobacco products is increasing globally, though it is decreasing in some high-income and upper middle-income countries.

Leading cause of death, illness and impoverishment

The tobacco epidemic is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced. It kills nearly six million people a year of whom more than 5 million are users and ex users and more than 600 000 are nonsmokers exposed to second-hand smoke. Approximately one person dies every six seconds due to tobacco and this accounts for one in 10 adult deaths. Up to half of current users will eventually die of a tobacco-related disease.

Nearly 80% of the more than one billion smokers worldwide live in low- and middle-income countries, where the burden of tobacco-related illness and death is heaviest.

Tobacco users who die prematurely deprive their families of income, raise the cost of health care and hinder economic development.

In some countries, children from poor households are frequently employed in tobacco farming to provide family income. These children are especially vulnerable to “green tobacco sickness”, which is caused by the nicotine that is absorbed through the skin from the handling of wet tobacco leaves.

Gradual killer

Because there is a lag of several years between when people start using tobacco and when their health suffers, the epidemic of tobacco-related disease and death has just begun.

• Tobacco caused 100 million deaths in the 20th century. If current trends continue, it will cause up to one billion deaths in the 21st century.
  
• Unchecked, tobacco-related deaths will increase to more than eight million per year by 2030. More than 80% of those deaths will be in low- and middle-income countries.

Surveillance is key

Good monitoring tracks the extent and character of the tobacco epidemic and indicates how best to tailor policies. Only fifty-nine countries, representing under half of the world’s population, monitor tobacco use by repeating nationally representative youth and adult surveys at least once every five years.

Second-hand smoke kills

Second-hand smoke is the smoke that fills restaurants, offices or other enclosed spaces when people burn tobacco products such as cigarettes, bidis and water pipes. There is no safe level of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke.

Every person should be able to breathe smoke-free air. Smoke-free laws protect the health of non-smokers, are popular, do not harm business and encourage smokers to quit.¹

• Under 11% of the world’s population are protected by comprehensive national smoke-free laws.
  
• The number of people protected from second-hand smoke more than doubled to 739 million in 2010 from 354 million in 2008.
  
• Almost half of children regularly breathe air polluted by tobacco smoke.
  
• Over 40% of children have at least one smoking parent.
  
• Second-hand smoke causes more than 600 000 premature deaths per year.
  
• In 2004, children accounted for 31% of the deaths attributable to second-hand smoke.
  
• There are more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, of which at least 250 are known to be harmful and more than 50 are known to cause cancer.
  
• In adults, second-hand smoke causes serious cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including coronary heart disease and lung cancer. In infants, it causes sudden death. In pregnant women, it causes low birth weight.

Tobacco users need help to quit

Studies show that few people understand the specific health risks of tobacco use. For example, a 2009 survey in China revealed that only 37% of smokers knew that smoking causes coronary heart disease and only 17% knew that it causes stroke.²

Among smokers who are aware of the dangers of tobacco, most want to quit. Counselling and medication can more than double the chance that a smoker who tries to quit will succeed.

• National comprehensive health-care services supporting cessation are available in only 19 countries, representing 14% of the world’s population.
  
• There is no cessation assistance in 28% of low-income countries and 7% of middle-income countries.

Picture warnings work

Hard-hitting anti-tobacco advertisements and graphic pack warnings – especially those that include pictures – reduce the number of children who begin smoking and increase the number of smokers who quit.

Studies carried out after the implementation of pictorial package warnings in Brazil, Canada, Singapore and Thailand consistently show that pictorial warnings significantly increase people’s awareness of the harms of tobacco use.

Mass media campaigns can also reduce tobacco consumption, by influencing people to protect non-smokers and convincing youths to stop using tobacco.

• Just 19 countries, representing 15% of the world’s population, meet the best practice for pictorial warnings, which includes the warnings in the local language and cover an average of at least half of the front and back of cigarette packs. No low-income country meets this best-practice level.
  
• Forty-two countries, representing 42% of the world’s population, mandate pictorial warnings.
  
• Graphic warnings can persuade smokers to protect the health of non-smokers by smoking less inside the home and avoiding smoking near children.
  
• More than 1.9 billion people, representing 28% of the world’s population, live in the 23 countries that have implemented at least one strong anti-tobacco mass media campaign within the last two years.

Ad bans lower consumption

Bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship can reduce tobacco consumption.

• A comprehensive ban on all tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship could decrease tobacco consumption by an average of about 7%, with some countries experiencing a decline in consumption of up to 16%.
  
• Only 19 countries, representing 6% of the world’s population, have comprehensive national bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship.
  
• Forty-six per cent of the world’s population lives in countries that do not ban free distribution of tobacco products.

Taxes discourage tobacco use

Tobacco taxes are the most effective way to reduce tobacco use, especially among young people and poor people. A tax increase that increases tobacco prices by 10% decreases tobacco consumption by about 4% in high-income countries and by up to 8% in low- and middle-income countries.

• Only 27 countries, representing less than 8% of the world’s population, have tobacco tax rates greater than 75% of the retail price.
  
• Tobacco tax revenues are on average 154 times higher than spending on tobacco control, based on available data.

WHO response

WHO is committed to fight the global tobacco epidemic. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control entered into force in February 2005. Since then, it has become one of the most widely embraced treaties in the history of the United Nations with more than 170 Parties covering 87% of the world’s population. The WHO Framework Convention is WHO’s most important tobacco control tool and a milestone in the promotion of public health. It is an evidence-based treaty that reaffirms the right of people to the highest standard of health, provides legal dimensions for international health cooperation and sets high standards for compliance.

In 2008, WHO introduced a package of tobacco control measures to further counter the tobacco epidemic and to help countries to implement the WHO Framework Convention. Known by their acronym MPOWER, the measures are identified as “best buys” and “good buys” in tobacco control. Each measure corresponds to at least one provision of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

The six MPOWER measures are:

• Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies
  
• Protect people from tobacco use
  
• Offer help to quit tobacco use
  
• Warn about the dangers of tobacco
  
• Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship
  
• Raise taxes on tobacco.

For more information contact:

WHO Media centre
Telephone: +41 22 791 2222
E-mail: mediainquiries@who.int

¹ Scollo M, Lal A, Hyland A, Glantz S (2003), Review of the quality of studies on the economic effects of smoke-free policies on the hospitality industry, Tobacco Control;12:13–20

• ² Call for pictorial warnings on tobacco packs: WHO news release, 29 May 2009

Krista Casazza, Ph.D., R.D., Kevin R. Fontaine, Ph.D., Arne Astrup, M.D., Ph.D., Leann L. Birch, Ph.D., Andrew W. Brown, Ph.D., Michelle M. Bohan Brown, Ph.D., Nefertiti Durant, M.D., M.P.H., Gareth Dutton, Ph.D., E. Michael Foster, Ph.D., Steven B. Heymsfield, M.D., Kerry McIver, M.S., Tapan Mehta, M.S., Nir Menachemi, Ph.D., P.K. Newby, Sc.D., M.P.H., Russell Pate, Ph.D., Barbara J. Rolls, Ph.D., Bisakha Sen, Ph.D., Daniel L. Smith, Jr., Ph.D., Diana M. Thomas, Ph.D., and David B. Allison, Ph.D.

N Engl J Med 2013; 368:446-454January 31, 2013DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1208051

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1208051

Media in This Article

Table 1Seven Myths about Obesity.

Table 2Presumptions about Obesity

‘섹스, 칼로리 소모량 많다?’ 실제 측정해보니
[중앙일보] 입력 2013.02.01 01:04 / 수정 2013.02.01 04:41
http://joongang.joinsmsn.com/article/847/10575847.html?ctg=1205&cloc=joongang|article|headlinenews

당신의 건강상식은?
섹스 칼로리 소모량 많다 □
모유 먹고 크면 살 덜 찐다 □
규칙적 아침 비만 막는다 □

  성행위를 하면 상당한 칼로리가 소비된다는 말은 잘못된 상식으로 밝혀졌다. 어렸을 때 모유를 먹고 자란 사람이 분유를 먹은 사람보다 비만이 될 가능성이 낮다는 것도 근거가 없는 것으로 드러났다.

　세계적 의학 학술지 뉴잉글랜드 저널 오브 메디신은 지난달 30일자 인터넷판에 언론이나 전문가들이 전하는 다이어트 건강 상식 중 상당수가 과학적 근거가 없다는 내용의 논문을 공개했다. 미 국립보건원(NIH)의 자금 지원을 받은 이 논문 연구에는 20명의 연구자가 참여했다. 논문 대표 저자인 데이비드 앨리슨 앨라배마대 생물통계학 교수는 “전문가들이 지속적으로 주장했던 많은 건강 상식은 과학적 증거가 없었다”고 말했다.

　이에 따르면 성행위를 한 번 하면 100~300㎉가 소비된다는 주장은 지나치게 부풀려진 것이다. 미국인의 성행위 시간은 평균 6분이었는데 이때 소비되는 열량은 21㎉에 그쳤다. 6분 동안 걸었을 때 소모되는 열량 수준이다.

　모유 수유가 비만을 예방한다는 상식도 과학적 근거가 부족했다. 다만 모유 수유는 유아가 어머니와 친밀한 관계를 형성해 정서 안정에 도움이 되는 것으로 조사됐다. 매일 약간씩 덜 먹고 조금 더 운동하면 장기적으로 살을 뺄 수 있다는 주장도 잘못된 것이었다. 신체는 변화에 적응하기 때문에 이런 식의 다이어트는 장기적으로 효과가 없었다. 간식이 살을 찌게 한다거나, 규칙적 아침식사가 비만을 예방한다거나, 급격한 살 빼기가 장기적으로 살을 빼는 것보다 효과가 없다거나, 체육 수업이 비만을 예방한다는 주장도 근거가 빈약한 것으로 드러났다.

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