흡연자의 가족들은 위암, 폐암 등에 걸릴 위험이 더 높아지는데… 이는 담배연기 속의 유해성분이 베인 옷이나 카펫트, 벽지 등에서 2개월 동안 잔류해 있으면서 실내 공기 중에 존재하는 아질산(the common indoor air pollutant nitrous acid)과 섞여서 니트로스아민을 형성하기 때문으로 밝혀졌습니다.(니트로스아민은 담배에 있는 유해성분은 아닙니다. 흡연 후 2차적 또는 3차적으로 실내 공기에서 형성되는 발암물질입니다)

Study reveals dangers of nicotine in third-hand smoke

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory scientists Lara Gundel and Michael Apte contributed to the study, which was led by Ruiling Liu and Katharine Hammond from UC Berkeley’s School of Public Health. The results were published in the journal Tobacco Control in a paper titled, “Assessment of risk for asthma initiation and cancer and heart disease deaths among patrons and servers due to secondhand smoke exposure in restaurants and bars.”

Taking exposure data from 65 restaurants and bars in Minnesota over an eight-month period in 2007, the researchers found that the lifetime excess risk of lung cancer death was 18 in a million for patrons visiting only nonsmoking sections and 80 in a million for patrons in the smoking section. For servers, the lifetime excess risk was 802 in a million for lung cancer death.

Extrapolating to the entire country, the researchers estimate that the lifetime excess risk for the general nonsmoking population due to exposure to secondhand smoke in restaurants and bars would result in 214 additional lung cancer deaths and 3,001 additional heart disease deaths per year.

“One in a million is significant,” said Gundel. “You can’t control people smoking, but to support tobacco-free policies we need to know how to protect people.”

Although smoking bans have been enacted in many parts of the country, one quarter of the U.S. population remains unprotected by smoke-free policies in restaurants and 35 percent in bars, according to the study. Globally 95 percent of the population is unprotected by smoke-free policies in restaurants and bars. Moreover tobacco companies continue to fight smoking bans, and increasing numbers of cities are repealing or weakening them.

While previous studies have examined health risks for people working in restaurants and bars, none had quantified risks to patrons. In the U.S. 66 percent of adults eat out at least weekly, and for nonsmokers restaurants and bars may be their predominant source of secondhand smoke exposure. The researchers assumed weekly visits to restaurants for 60 years.

This was also the first study to look at servers’ risk of asthma initiation due to secondhand smoke exposure. They estimated the risks to correspond to 1,420 new asthma cases per year among nonsmoking servers in the United States.

“There are huge economic impacts related to smoking,” Gundel said. “It’s worth it to society to try to minimize the damage from smoking.”

====================

Secondhand Smoke in Bars and Restaurants Means Higher Risk of Asthma and Cancer

Julie Chao (510) 486-6491  JHChao@lbl.gov

Nicotine in third-hand smoke, the residue from tobacco smoke that clings to virtually all surfaces long after a cigarette has been extinguished, reacts with the common indoor air pollutant nitrous acid to produce dangerous carcinogens. This new potential health hazard was revealed in a multi-institutional study led by researchers with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab).

In tests at Berkeley Lab of cellulose surfaces contaminated with nicotine residues from third-hand smoke, levels of newly formed TSNAs rose 10 times following a three hour exposure to nitrous acid. TSNAs are potent carcinogens. (Photo by Roy Kaltschmidt, Berkeley Lab Public Affairs)

“The burning of tobacco releases nicotine in the form of a vapor that adsorbs strongly onto indoor surfaces, such as walls, floors, carpeting, drapes and furniture. Nicotine can persist on those materials for days, weeks and even months. Our study shows that when this residual nicotine reacts with ambient nitrous acid it forms carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines or TSNAs,” says Hugo Destaillats, a chemist with the Indoor Environment Department ofBerkeley Lab’s Environmental Energy Technologies Division. “TSNAs are among the most broadly acting and potent carcinogens present in unburned tobacco and tobacco smoke.”

Destaillats is the corresponding author of a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) titled “Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential third-hand smoke hazards.”

Co-authoring the PNAS paper with Destaillats were Mohamad Sleiman, Lara Gundel and Brett Singer, all with Berkeley Lab’s Indoor Environment Department, plus James Pankow with Portland State University, and Peyton Jacob with the University of California, San Francisco.

The authors report that in laboratory tests using cellulose as a model indoor material exposed to smoke, levels of newly formed TSNAs detected on cellulose surfaces were 10 times higher than those originally present in the sample following exposure for three hours to a “high but reasonable” concentration of nitrous acid (60 parts per billion by volume). Unvented gas appliances are the main source of nitrous acid indoors. Since most vehicle engines emit some nitrous acid that can infiltrate the passenger compartments, tests were also conducted on surfaces inside the truck of a heavy smoker, including the surface of a stainless steel glove compartment. These measurements also showed substantial levels of TSNAs. In both cases, one of the major products found was a TSNA that is absent in freshly emitted tobacco smoke – the nitrosamine known as NNA. The potent carcinogens NNN and NNK were also formed in this reaction.

“Time-course measurements revealed fast TSNA formation, up to 0.4 percent conversion of nicotine within the first hour,” says lead author Sleiman. “Given the rapid sorption and persistence of high levels of nicotine on indoor surfaces, including clothing and human skin, our findings indicate that third-hand smoke represents an unappreciated health hazard through dermal exposure, dust inhalation and ingestion.”

Since the most likely human exposure to these TSNAs is through either inhalation of dust or the contact of skin with carpet or clothes, third-hand smoke would seem to pose the greatest hazard to infants and toddlers. The study’s findings indicate that opening a window or deploying a fan to ventilate the room while a cigarette burns does not eliminate the hazard of third-hand smoke. Smoking outdoors is not much of an improvement, as co-author Gundel explains.

Berkeley Lab chemists Lara Gundel and Hugo Destaillats led a research team that revealed the potential health hazards posed by residual nicotine in third-hand smoke when it reacts with ambient nitrous acid. (Photo by Roy Kaltschmidt, Berkeley Lab Public Affairs)

“Smoking outside is better than smoking indoors but nicotine residues will stick to a smoker’s skin and clothing,” she says. “Those residues follow a smoker back inside and get spread everywhere. The biggest risk is to young children. Dermal uptake of the nicotine through a child’s skin is likely to occur when the smoker returns and if nitrous acid is in the air, which it usually is, then TSNAs will be formed.”

The dangers of mainstream and secondhand tobacco smoke have been well documented as a cause of cancer, cardiovascular disease and stroke, pulmonary disease and birth defects. Only recently, however, has the general public been made aware of the threats posed by third-hand smoke. The term was coined in a study that appeared in the January 2009 edition of the journal “Pediatrics,” in which it was reported that only 65 percent of non-smokers and 43 percent of smokers surveyed agreed with the statement that “Breathing air in a room today where people smoked yesterday can harm the health of infants and children.”

Anyone who has entered a confined space – a room, an elevator, a vehicle, etc. – where someone recently smoked, knows that the scent lingers for an extended period of time. Scientists have been aware for several years that tobacco smoke is adsorbed on surfaces where semi-volatile and non-volatile chemical constituents can undergo reactions, but reactions of residual smoke constituents with atmospheric molecules such as nitrous acid have been overlooked as a source of harmful pollutants. This is the first study to quantify the reactions of third-hand smoke with nitrous acid, according to the authors.

Mohamad Sleiman was the lead author of a paper titled “Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential third-hand smoke hazards.” (Photo by Roy Kaltschmidt,Berkeley Lab Public Affairs)

“Whereas the sidestream smoke of one cigarette contains at least 100 nanograms equivalent total TSNAs, our results indicate that several hundred nanograms per square meter of nitrosamines may be formed on indoor surfaces in the presence of nitrous acid,” says lead-author Sleiman.

Co-author James Pankow points out that the results of this study should raise concerns about the purported safety of electronic cigarettes. Also known as “e-cigarettes,” electronic cigarettes claim to provide the “smoking experience,” but without the risks of cancer. A battery-powered vaporizer inside the tube of a plastic cigarette turns a solution of nicotine into a smoky mist that can be inhaled and exhaled like tobacco smoke. Since no flame is required to ignite the e-cigarette and there is no tobacco or combustion, e-cigarettes are not restricted by anti-smoking laws.

“Nicotine, the addictive substance in tobacco smoke, has until now been considered to be non-toxic in the strictest sense of the term,” says Kamlesh Asotra of the University of California’s Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program, which funded this study. “What we see in this study is that the reactions of residual nicotine with nitrous acid at surface interfaces are a potential cancer hazard, and these results may be just the tip of the iceberg.”

The Berkeley Lab researchers are now investigating the long-term stability in an indoor environment of the TSNAs produced as a result of third-hand smoke interactions with nitrous acid. The authors are also looking into the development of biomarkers to track exposures to these TSNAs. In addition, they are conducting studies to gain a better understanding of the chemistry behind the formation of these TSNAs and to find out more about other chemicals that are being produced when third-hand smoke reacts with nitrous acid.

“We know that these residual levels of nicotine may build up over time after several smoking cycles, and we know that through the process of aging, third-hand smoke can become more toxic over time,” says Destaillats. “Our work highlights the importance of third-hand smoke reactions at indoor interfaces, particularly the production of nitrosamines with potential health impacts.”

In the PNAS paper, Destaillats and his co-authors suggest various ways to limit the impact of the third hand smoke health hazard, starting with the implementation of 100 percent smoke-free environments in public places and self-restrictions in residences and automobiles. In buildings where substantial smoking has occurred, replacing nicotine-laden furnishings, carpets and wallboard might significantly reduce exposures.

Berkeley Lab is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory located in Berkeley, California.  It conducts unclassified scientific research for DOE’s Office of Science and is managed by the University of California. Visit our Website at www.lbl.gov/

Additional Information

For more information about Berkeley Lab’s Indoor Environment Department and its researchers visit the Website at http://eetd.lbl.gov/r-indoor.html

For more information on the research of James Pankow visit the Website athttp://www.pdx.edu/chem/profile/dr-james-f-pankow

For more information on the research of Peyton Jacob visit the Website athttp://cancer.ucsf.edu/people/jacob_peyton.php

For more information on the University of California’s Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program (TRDRP) visit the Website at http://www.trdrp.org

For a list of health experts who may be able to provide comments and quotes, contact Kamlesh Asotra at kamlesh.asotra@ucop.edu or 510-287-3366.

===============

[참고]

로렌스-버클리 연구소의 성장

http://www.postech.ac.kr/press/hs/C30/C30S001.html

지금의 로렌스 버클리 연구소(야경) 초기 방사연구소 건물 앞의 로렌스 초기 방사 연구소

한국산 담배에 암모니아 들어있다” 

다국적 담배사들 내부문건 분석..KT&G 법정 주장과 차이

라이트·순한맛, 일반 담배와 니코틴·타르 차이 거의 없어

출처 : 연합뉴스 2012/10/17 07:09
http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2012/10/16/0200000000AKR20121016227500017.HTML?did=1179m

(서울=연합뉴스) 신호경 기자 = 지금까지 KT&G[033780]가 담배 관련 소송 과정에서 밝힌 것과 달리 한국산 담배 속에 암모니아 성분의 첨가물이 들어있다는 의혹이 분석 결과와 함께 제기됐다.

또 ‘라이트’, ‘순한 맛’ 등 저(低) 니코틴·타르를 강조하는 제품도 실제로는 일반 담배와 성분 측면에서 별 차이가 없다는 사실, KT&G가 집단 소송에 직면하자 다국적 담배사들에 공문을 보내 도움을 요청한 사실 등을 뒷받침하는 자료도 제시됐다.

보건사회연구원은 17일 이같은 내용을 담은 논문 ‘담배소송과 다국적 담배회사 내부문건 속 국산담배 성분분석’을 공개했다. 이 논문은 이성규 캘리포니아대 담배 연구·교육센터 박사후 연구원, 김재형 캘리포니아대 의료사회학 박사과정생, 한국금연운동협의회를 창립한 김일순 연대의대 명예교수가 함께 썼다.

◇B&W 한국담배 분석 결과 암모니아 0.03~0.11% = 논문은 우선 미국 금연 연구기관들이 담배회사 내부문건을 수집·관리하는 ‘레거시 담배문서 도서관(Legacy Tobacco Documents Library)을 통해 입수한 미국 3대 담배사 B&W(브라운앤윌리엄스)의 ‘한국 기술 리뷰(Korea Technical Review, 2000년)’ 보고서에 주목했다.

이 문건에 따르면 B&W는 시장분석을 목적으로 88라이트, 에세, 심플, 시나브로, 디스 등 한국산 담배에 대한 성분 검사를 진행했는데, 암모니아(Ammonia)가 시나브로 킹사이즈 박스, 디스 플러스 킹사이즈 박스를 제외한 모든 제품군에서 0.03~0.11% 검출됐다.

암모니아는 담뱃잎에 포함된 니코틴의 순도와 알칼리성을 높여 니코틴의 인체흡수율과 중독성을 키운다.

연구진은 KT&G측이 2011년 2심 판결이 선고된 집단 담배소송에서 “자사 제품에 니코틴 중독을 촉진하는 암모니아 같은 첨가물을 사용하지 않는다”고 주장한 사실을 지적했다.

니코틴을 포함한 알카로이드(Akaloids;질소를 포함한 알칼리성 유기물)는 제품군에 상관없이 2.4~2.9% 들어 있었고, 질산염(0.8~1.1%)과 인산염(0.54~0.63%), 염화물(0.93~1.18%)도 주요 성분이었다. 이 밖에 여러 형태의 당(sugar)과 코코아 성분도 확인됐다.

설탕, 감초 등 당류와 코코아 역시 담배 흡입 횟수를 늘리고 기관지를 확장시켜 니코틴 흡수를 돕는다는 게 연구진의 설명이다.

국산 담배의 연기에는 타르와 일산화탄소가 각각 6.6~9.2㎎, 4.9~9.2㎎ 정도 포함돼 있었다.

◇’라이트’가 일반 담배보다 타르가 더 많기도 = 논문은 또 세계 담배업계 1위의 BAT(브리티쉬아메리칸타바코)가 1989년 당시 한국담배인삼공사 담배 제품들의 성분을 분석한 내부 문건도 소개했다.

이에 따르면 ‘순한 담배’로 홍보된 88라이트와 일반 88담배의 타르량 차이는 담배 한 개피당 불과 1.6㎎ (라이트 9.5, 일반 11.1)에 불과했다. 심지어 역시 ‘라이트’ 표현이 붙은 솔 골드 라이트와 일반 88을 비교하니 오히려 라이트쪽의 타르량이 개피당 0.8㎎ 더 많고, 니코틴의 경우 0.96㎎으로 같았다.

아울러 필립모리스(PM)의 1999년 내부문서에서는 당시 한국에서 첫 번째 담배 소송이 제기된 뒤 한국인삼연초연구소(2000년 담배인삼공사에 합병)측이 “큰 골칫거리(a big headache)”라는 표현과 함께 PM과 JT(일본담배산업)에 공문을 보내 한국담배인삼공사의 담배 소송 관련 도움을 요청한 사실도 확인됐다.

이에 대해 PM은 “내부에 도움을 줄 수 있는 가장 적절한 사람을 찾겠다”고 화답했다.

연구진은 논문에서 “연구를 통해 제시했듯 KT&G 담배 제품에는 암모니아 등 유해성 첨가물이 포함돼있을 가능성이 있는 만큼 법원은 단순히 회사 측 주장만 신뢰하기보다 객관적인 담배성분 검증절차를 거쳐 판결을 내려야 한다”고 강조했다.

또 “경쟁관계인 담배회사들조차 소송문제에서는 협력 관계를 유지하는 만큼 법원과 보건전문가들은 담배회사의 소송대응 전략과 활동을 잘 감시해야 할 것”이라고 조언했다.

지금까지 국내에서 한국담배인삼공사(현 KT&G)와 정부를 상대로 제기된 건강상 흡연 피해 관련 소송은 1999년 이후 모두 3건이나, 아직까지 한 차례도 원고가 이긴 적이 없다. 또 그동안 KT&G측은 재판 과정에서 ‘영업비밀’로 분류된 문건을 뺀 나머지 담배 연구 자료만 제출해왔다.

shk999@yna.co.kr

==========================

Korea Technical Review 1998-1999/312
Org. Author	Brown & Williamson Tobacco Research & Development
Date	20000406 (2000년 4월 6일 (목))
Type	note | table
Bates	325189811-325189839
Country	Korea, Democratic People’s Rep. North Korea | Japan | Germany | United States of America
Collection	British American Tobacco
Pages	29
	BROWN &WILLIAMSON TOBACCO RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT FILE NOTE TITLE: Korea Technical Review 1998 – 1999 / 312 AUTHOR: B. A. Reasor DATE: April 6, 2000 CC: T. F. Riehl A. McMurtrie S. Ivey Richard Baker (Soton) S. Appleton J. F. Anders W. Carpenter Marcos Campos (SC) A. J. Golub D. W. Cantrell J. Heironimus Volker Heemann (BATG) R. R. Black B. B. Chakraborty P. Wessel Kevin McAdam (Soton) R. H. Honeycutt M. A. Hamann C. Brohman Alberto Marcheggiano (Korea) B. F. Price E. B. Price
	View page-by-page
	http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wmr72a99

==========================

FW: CONVERSATION WITH DR. LEE OF KOREAN GINSENG AND TOBACCO RESEARCH INSTITUTE (KGTRI)
Date	19990921 (1999년 9월 21일 (화))
Type	EMAI, E-MAIL
Bates	2078584382
Collection	Philip Morris
Pages	1
Added Ind.	20020905 (2002년 9월 5일 (목))
	From: Zhang, Minyda Sent: Tuesday, September 21, 1999 7:47 AM To: 1-14-OOWaIk, Roger Subject: FW: Conversation with Dr. Lee of Korean Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute (KGTRI) Roger, FYI. Mingda —–Original Message—– 2078584382 pgNbr=1
	View page-by-page
	http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/opg19c00