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	<title>건강과 대안 &#187; 농약</title>
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		<title>농가의 생산성과 이윤 저하 없이 농약 사용 줄이기</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=89758</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=89758#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 14 Apr 2017 00:33:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[애그리비지니스]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[농약]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[제초제]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[맘만 먹으면 지금 당장이라도 농가의 경제적 손실 없이 농약 사용을 획기적으로 줄일 수 있다. 최근 학술잡지(Nature Plants)에 실린 letter(아래 링크 참조)의 주장. 프랑스 946곳의 일반 농가(유기농 농가가 아닌 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>맘만 먹으면 지금 당장이라도 농가의 경제적 손실 없이 농약 사용을 획기적으로 줄일 수 있다.<br />
최근 학술잡지(Nature Plants)에 실린 letter(아래 링크 참조)의 주장.<br />
프랑스 946곳의 일반 농가(유기농 농가가 아닌 평범한 상업 농가)를 대상으로 사업을 진행한 결과, 77%의 농가에서 생산성이나 이윤 저하 없이 농약 사용을 최고 60%까지 줄일 수 있었다고 함.<br />
저자들은 농약이 농업의 생산성과 이윤을 담보해 준다는 믿음은 미신(Myth)에 가깝다고 주장.<br />
농가에 적절한 방법을 알려주기만 한다면, 지금 당장 농약을 사용하지 않고도 농가의 생산성과 이윤을 보장하는 대안은 가능하다는 것을 실증적으로 증명.<br />
그럼에도 불구하고 농약의 필요성이 계속 주장되고, 농부들도 자신의 건강에 해로운 줄 알면서 사용할 수밖에 없는 것은 농약 기업의 이해를 대변하는 농업 컨설턴트 때문이라고 주장.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nplants20178" target="_blank">Reducing pesticide use while preserving crop productivity and profitability on arable farms</a></p>
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		<title>[청부과학/기업감시] 신젠타사, 제초제 아트라진 옹호위한 더러운 전략 드러나</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=4168</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=4168#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 19 Jun 2013 17:56:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[GMO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[기업감시]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[청부과학]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syngenta]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[농약]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[다국적 농화학기업]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[다국적 생명공학기업]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[더러운 전략]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[살충제]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[신젠타]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[제3자 동맹]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[제초제]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[신젠타사가 아트라진의 독성을 둘러싼 법률 소송에 의해 경제적&#160;이윤이 위협받자&#160;제초제아트라진을 옹호하기 위해 더러운 행동을 했다는 사실이 폭로되었습니다.(원문 자료는 맨 아래 참조)신젠타사는 사설 흥신소 직원을 고용하여 아트라진의 독성을 연구한 과학자들을 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>신젠타사가 아트라진의 독성을 둘러싼 법률 소송에 의해 경제적&nbsp;이윤이 위협받자&nbsp;제초제<BR>아트라진을 옹호하기 위해 더러운 행동을 했다는 사실이 폭로되었습니다.(원문 자료는 맨 <BR>아래 참조)<BR><BR>신젠타사는 사설 흥신소 직원을 고용하여 아트라진의 독성을 연구한 과학자들을 뒷조사<BR>했으며,&nbsp;신젠타사는 객관적이고 독립적인 제3자가 자신들을 옹호하는 것처럼 위장<BR>(제3자 동맹 기법, 담배회사들이 담배를 옹호하기 위해 사용했던 전략)하기 위해 돈을 주고 <BR>제3자를 고용하기도 했습니다. 또한 비밀리에 130명의 전문가들을 모집하여&nbsp;마치 신젠타사와<BR>전혀 관련이 없는 것처럼 위장하기도 했습니다. <BR>(<A href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/686401-100reporters-syngenta-clare-howard-investigation.html">https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/686401-100reporters-syngenta-clare-howard-investigation.html</A><BR><A href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/686400-100reporters-syngenta-clare-howard-investigation.html#document/p1/a105571">https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/686400-100reporters-syngenta-clare-howard-investigation.html#document/p1/a105571</A>)<BR><BR>이러한 사실은 신젠타사의 아트라진을 옹호하기 위한 전략이 담긴 문서가&nbsp;법정에서 공개됨<BR>으로써 밝혀졌습니다.<BR><BR>신젠타사의 공격 목표가 된 대표적인 과학자가 캘리포니아대학 버클리캠퍼스(<FONT color=#454545>UC-Berkeley)<BR>&nbsp;의 타이론 헤이즈(Tyrone Hayes) 교수였습니다. 그는 아트라진에 노출된 개구리 수컷이<BR></FONT>암컷으로 완전히 바꿀 가능성이 있다는 연구결과를 2002년 미국국립과학원회보(PNAS)에 <BR>발표한 바 있습니다. (Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (<EM>Xenopus laevis</EM>) <A href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/02/12/0909519107.abstract?sid=409d7474-79ea-4b04-8d6b-adfc6d468bac">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/02/12/0909519107.abstract?sid=409d7474-79ea-4b04-8d6b-adfc6d468bac</A>)<BR><BR>이 논문은 아트라진의 환경유해성 논란의 종지부를 찍는 연구결과였으며, 신젠타사의 경제적 <BR>이윤에 치명적 타격을 입힌 결과를 초래했습니다.<BR><BR>아트라진의 환경유해성을 제기한 <FONT color=#454545>타이론 헤이즈(Tyrone Hayes) 교수팀의 연구결과가 </FONT>2002년<BR>에 발표되었음에도 불구하고,&nbsp;미국 환경보호청(EPA)는 2003년 10월 아트라진의 재등록을&nbsp;<BR>허가하였습니다.(회전문 인사와 신젠타의 로비에 대한 연구가 필요한 대목입니다)<BR><BR>참고로 아트라진은 잡초를 제거하거나 잔리를 관리하기 위해 사용되는 제초제입니다.<BR>옥수수를 비롯한 작물에 많이 사용되며, 골프장, 방목장,&nbsp;숲, 휴양지, 조경지 등을 관리하기 <BR>위해서도 사용됩니다. 유럽의 많은 나라에서는 아트라진의 인체 건강 및 환경 유해성 때문에 <BR>사용을 금지하고 있습니다.<BR><BR>아트라진은&nbsp;살포된 이후 수개월에서 1년 이상의 기간 동안 토양에 장기적으로 잔류할 수 <BR>있으며, 공기를 통해서도 노출될 수 있기 때문에 유아와 어린이들, 임산부와 노인들에게 <BR>특히 유해할 수 있습니다. 심지어 농장에서 일하는 농업노동자나 농장주의 옷이나 신발,<BR>농기구 등을 통해서도 집으로 유입되어 가족들이 아트라진에 노출될 수 있습니다.<BR><BR>아트라진에&nbsp;단기간 노출되면 눈, 피부, 점막에 자극을 유발할 수 있으며,&nbsp;동물실험에서 <BR>고용량의 노출은 간, 신장, 심장에 손상을 유발한다는 사실이 밝혀졌습니다.<BR>&nbsp;<BR>먹는 물 중 아트라진의 농도가 높을 수 록 신생아의 발달에 큰 영향을 끼치는 것으로&nbsp;<BR>나타났으며,&nbsp;&nbsp;아트라진을 사용하는 농장에서 거주한 부부들에게서 조산의 비율이 <BR>증가하는 현상이 나타나기도&nbsp;했습니다.<BR>&nbsp;<BR>미국 중서부에서 수행된 조사에서는 아트라진, 알라클로르, 다이아지논 등에 노출된 <BR>남성들에게서 정액의 질적 수준이 떨어지는 것으로 나타났으며, 동물 실험에서 아트라진에 <BR>노출된 수컷 실험용 쥐는 정자 개수가 감소하고, 정자의 운동성이 떨어졌으며, 전립선 염증이 <BR>관찰되기도&nbsp;했습니다.&nbsp;<BR><BR>미국 지질조사국이 2010년 5월&nbsp;Aquatic Toxicology에 발표한 연구에서&nbsp;“농업용 하천이나 <BR>강에서 흔히 발견되는 아트라진은 실험실 연구에서 조직 기형을 일으킬 뿐 아니라 조직 <BR>어류의 번식 및 부화를 감소시킨다”고&nbsp;밝혔습니다.<BR><BR>뿐만 아니라&nbsp;서울대 의대 이홍규 교수팀은 아트라진의 만성적인 노출이 인슐린 저항성을<BR>유도하여 비만을 유발한다는 연구결과를 발표하기도 했습니다.<BR>(Chronic exposure to the herbicide, atrazine, causes and insulin resistamitochondrial dysfunction resistance. PLoS One. 2009;4(4):e5186. Epub 2009 Apr 13)<BR>&nbsp;<BR>따라서 아트라진은 호르몬과 유사한 작용을 하거나 호르몬 작용을 방해할 수 있는 내분비계 <BR>장애물질(Endocrine disruptors)입니다.<BR><BR>신젠타는 아트라진 뿐만 아니라 맹독성 제초제인 파라콰트(그라목손)로도 물의를 일으킨 바 <BR>있습니다. 신젠타는&nbsp;공격적으로 맹독성의 제초제인 &#8216;파라콰트&#8217; 판매를 늘렸고 이를 사용한 <BR>수많은 농부들이 죽거나 중독되었습니다.<BR>&nbsp;<BR>이러한 이유 때문에&nbsp;신젠타사는 삼성과 함께 2012년 환경과 인권을 가장 심각하게 침해한 <BR>악명높은 기업을 선정하는 &#8216;공공의 시선(Public Eye)&#8217; 상 후보에 오르기도 했습니다.<BR><BR>=======================<BR><BR>특별 보고서 : 살충제 아트라진을 옹호하기 위한 신젠타의 캠페인, 신뢰할 수 없는 비평들<BR><BR><STRONG><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Special Report: Syngenta&#8217;s campaign to protect atrazine, discredit critics</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></STRONG><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Clare Howard</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">100Reporters and Environmental Health News, June 17 2013 [extracts only]</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><A id=yui_3_7_2_1_1371547538300_2227 style="COLOR: #2862c5; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; outline: 0px" href="http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2013/atrazine" target=_blank></A><A href="http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2013/atrazine">http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2013/atrazine</A><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">To protect profits threatened by a lawsuit over its controversial herbicide atrazine, Syngenta Crop Protection launched an aggressive multi-million dollar campaign that included hiring a detective agency to investigate scientists on a federal advisory panel, looking into the personal life of a judge and commissioning a psychological profile of a leading scientist critical of atrazine. The Switzerland-based pesticide manufacturer also routinely paid “third-party allies” to appear to be independent supporters, and kept a list of 130 people and groups it could recruit as experts without disclosing ties to the company. Recently unsealed court documents reveal a corporate strategy to discredit critics and to strip plaintiffs from the class-action case. The company specifically targeted one of atrazine’s fiercest and most outspoken critics, UC-Berkeley&#8217;s Tyrone Hayes, whose research suggests that atrazine feminizes male frogs. The campaign is spelled out in hundreds of pages of memos, invoices and other documents from Illinois’ Madison County Circuit Court, that were initially sealed as part of a 2004 lawsuit filed by Holiday Shores Sanitary District. The new documents, along with an earlier tranche, open a window on the company’s strategy to defeat a lawsuit that could have effectively ended sales of atrazine in the United States.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">&#8230;Discovery documents from the lawsuit were unsealed by the Madison County Circuit Court in response to a Freedom of Information Act request by 100Reporters, a nonprofit investigative journalism group.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The documents show that the company conducted research into the vulnerabilities of a judge, and Hayes’ personal life. Sherry Duvall Ford, Syngenta’s former head of communications, ranked strategies that Syngenta could use against Hayes in order of risk, according to her notes from Syngenta meetings in April 2005. One possibility: offering “to cut him in on unlimited research funds.” Another: Investigate his wife.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">In her deposition, Ford read from a memo emailed to her colleagues indicating that Syngenta had hired a detective agency to investigate members of an EPA Scientific Advisory Panel [SAP] examining atrazine&#8230;</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Third-Party Allies</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The company also secretly paid a stable of seemingly independent academics and other “experts” to extol the economic benefits of atrazine and downplay its environmental and health risks, without disclosing their financial ties to the company, according to memos and emails between Syngenta and the public relations firms it hired. At the same time, the company provided strict parameters for what these experts would say.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Don Coursey, Ameritech Professor of Public Policy at the University of Chicago collected $500 an hour from Syngenta to write economic analyses touting the necessity of atrazine, according to an April 25, 2006, email from Coursey to Ford. Syngenta supplied Coursey with the data he was to cite, edited his work and paid him to speak with newspapers, television and radio broadcasters about his reports, without revealing the nature of his arrangement with the corporation, according to Ford’s deposition. Coursey’s work, presented in 2010 at the National Press Club, was widely picked up as independent analysis by newspapers across the country. Coursey also is affiliated with the Heartland Institute, a libertarian nonprofit focused on environmental regulations.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">In one document dated 2005, Ford noted areas of vulnerabilities of a Madison County judge the corporation thought might be assigned to the case: “Not showing up for work. Personal conduct. Skybox from Tillery. Dating websites – pic in robes.”</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Stephen Tillery, whose firm, Korein Tillery, represented plaintiffs in the suit, said his firm had never given the judge a skybox. “I was never with the judge in a skybox,” Tillery said, adding, “He was not the judge in the case. They thought he might be, and they were looking for ways to disqualify him.”</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The allegation over the skybox was the basis of a formal complaint Syngenta filed against Tillery with the Illinois Attorney Registration &#038; Disciplinary Commission. The complaint was dismissed as without merit.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">At least four public relations firms were hired to work on the Syngenta campaign, according to the documents. The White House Writers Group, based in Washington, D.C., and Jayne Thompson &#038; Associates, based in Chicago, were heavily involved. Invoices show that the White House Writers Group received more than $1.6 million in 2010 and 2011. Thompson is Illinois’ former first lady, wife of former Gov. Jim Thompson.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Tillery said, “They did everything they could with dirty tricks. The extent they went to was unprecedented.” He added that only one firm working on behalf of Syngenta, McDermott, Will &#038; Emery of Chicago, did not engage in “dirty tricks.”</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Hayes in the Crosshairs</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Hayes, a leading atrazine researcher and critic, became a major target. His published research reported that exposure to atrazine chemically castrates male frogs and makes them viable females, able to produce eggs that can be fertilized.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Hayes began his atrazine research in 1997 with a study funded by Novartis Agribusiness, one of two corporations that would later form Syngenta. Hayes said that when he got results Novartis did not expect or want, the corporation refused to allow him to publish them. He secured other funding, replicated his work and released the results: exposure to atrazine creates hermaphroditic frogs. That started an epic feud between the scientist and the corporation.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The new documents show that the company commissioned a psychological profile of Hayes. In her notes taken during a 2005 meeting, Ford refers to Hayes as “paranoid schizo and narcissistic.”</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Syngenta tracked Hayes’ speaking engagements and arranged for trained critics to attend each event, sometimes videotaping his remarks, according to a strategy proposed in 2006 memos by Jayne Thompson and later confirmed by Hayes. Syngenta explored the idea of purchasing “Tyrone Hayes” as a search word on the Internet and directing searches to its own marketing materials, but appeared to have ultimately decided against it.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Hayes said he had been unaware that Syngenta had discussed purchasing his name as an Internet search word. “Given some of the things they did, that doesn’t surprise me,” he said. “This clearly shows they went beyond science and academia. It was all PR and tricks.”</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Hayes accused Syngenta of pressuring him through UC-Berkeley officials. He said he now pays as much as 20 times more than other researchers for his lab operations. He added that his federal grant applications have been getting the highest scores in evaluations, but are being turned down. He suspects the company of involvement in the sudden hurdles he is facing.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Hayes said Syngenta employees had threatened him verbally and said they were going after his family, but this was the first time he knew these plans were in writing.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">“They impacted my professional and personal life,” he said. “It’s sobering to get substantiation of the verbal attacks they made.”</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">&#8230;In one memo, the company denied pressuring Duke University not to hire Hayes, but in her deposition on June 9, 2011, Ford, Syngenta’s former spokeswoman, said that Gary Dickson, a Syngenta employee, contacted a dean at Duke to inform him of the contentious relationship between Hayes and Syngenta.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">&#8230;Ford also said Syngenta gave financial support to the Hudson Institute and had asked Alex Avery, at the institute’s Center for Global Food Issues, to write reports critical of Hayes. She later said that unlike Hayes, Avery has not published in any peer-reviewed journals that she knew of and he did not disclose payments from Syngenta.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">The Hudson Institute is a conservative nonprofit focused on shaping public policy on issues ranging from international relations to technology and health care.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">In one document, Ford noted that a principal with the White House Writers Group taped a phone call with Hayes and “set him up.” Hayes was baited through emails from Syngenta’s army of allies. The scientist’s emails were posted on the Syngenta web site as part of the campaign to discredit him.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">“If TH [Tyrone Hayes] is involved in scandal, the enviros will drop him,” Ford wrote. “Can prevent citing of TH data by revealing him as non-credible,” she added.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Secret Payments to “Independent” Allies</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Court documents include a “Supportive Third Party Stakeholders Database” of 130 people and organizations the company could count on to publicly support atrazine, often for a price.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/686401-100reporters-syngenta-clare-howard-investigation.html">https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/686401-100reporters-syngenta-clare-howard-investigation.html</A><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Documents show people on the list were coached, their statements in support of atrazine were edited by the company and payments to them were not publicly disclosed.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/686400-100reporters-syngenta-clare-howard-investigation.html#document/p1/a105571">https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/686400-100reporters-syngenta-clare-howard-investigation.html#document/p1/a105571</A><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">In some cases, Syngenta or its PR team wrote the Op-Ed pieces and then scanned its stakeholder database for a signer.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">In an Oct. 17, 2009, memo to Syngenta’s Ford, Jayne Thompson warned that some of the language in four Op-Eds penned by the White House Writers Group is suggestive of their source, which “should be avoided at all costs.”</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><A href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/686398-100reporters-syngenta-clare-howard-investigation.html#document/p12/a105752">https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/686398-100reporters-syngenta-clare-howard-investigation.html#document/p12/a105752</A><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">Court documents include an email dated Oct. 28, 2009, from a Syngenta employee asking her boss how to pay these third-party allies who write in support of atrazine. There are consistent warnings to be sure supporters appear independent, with no links to the corporation.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">In one case, Syngenta paid $100,000 to the nonprofit American Council on Science and Health for support that included an Op-Ed piece criticizing the work of journalist Charles Duhigg of the New York Times, who wrote a story on atrazine as part of its Toxic Waters series in 2009. Without disclosing this financial support from Syngenta, president and founder Elizabeth Whelan derided the New York Times article on atrazine as, “All the news that’s fit to scare.” ACSH is a nonprofit that advocates against what it considers government’s over-regulation of issues related to science and health.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">“Dear Syngenta friends,” began a 2009 email from Gilbert Ross, a physician at ACSH, thanking Syngenta for its payments and financial support over the years. “Such general operating support is the lifeblood of a small nonprofit like ours, and is both deeply appreciated and much needed,” wrote Ross.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">In response to emailed questions for this article, Ross defended the decision not to publicly disclose the payments, and dismissed Hayes as an “outlier.”</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">&#8230;Steven Milloy, publisher of junkscience.com and president of Citizens for the Integrity of Science, is also in Syngenta’s Supportive Third Party Stakeholders Database.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><SPAN style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif">In a Dec. 3, 2004, email to Syngenta, Milloy requests a grant of $15,000 for the nonprofit Free Enterprise Education Institute for an atrazine stewardship cost-benefit analysis project.</SPAN><BR style="COLOR: #454545; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: arial, helvetica, sans-serif"></p>
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		<title>[GMO]  미국, 16년동안 유전자조작 곡물 재배로 농약사용량 더 늘어</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3542</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3542#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 12 Oct 2012 18:23:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[GMO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bt]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[glyphosate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[글리포세이트]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[농약]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[농약사용량]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[라운드업]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[살충제]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자조작 옥수수]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자조작 콩]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[제초제]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=3542</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[유전자조작(GM) 곡물은 농약 사용량을 감소시킨다는&#160;고장난 레코드처럼 계속 되풀이되는 주장과 정반대로 오히려 글리포세트(라운드업) 내성 잡초의 증가로 제초제의&#160;사용량이 늘어나서 실제 농약 사용량이 늘어났다는 연구결과가 나왔습니다.유기농센터(The Organic Center)의 수석 과학자인 Charles [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><P><STRONG>유전자조작(GM) 곡물은 농약 사용량을 감소시킨다는&nbsp;고장난 레코드처럼 계속 되풀이되는 주장과 정반대로 오히려 글리포세트(라운드업) 내성 잡초의 증가로 제초제의&nbsp;사용량이 늘어나서 실제 농약 사용량이 늘어났다는 연구결과가 나왔습니다.<BR><BR>유기농센터(The Organic Center)의 수석 과학자인 Charles M Benbrook 박사는 미 농무부 자료를 분석하여 미국에서 1996년~2011년 16년 동안 유전자조작 곡물 재배와 살충제 사용량의 영향에 관한 연구 결과를 피어리뷰 학술지인 <Environmental Sciences Europe> 최신호에 발표했습니다.<BR><BR>Charles M Benbrook 박사는 1979년부터 미국 워싱턴 DC에서 농업정책, 과학, 규제에 관한 이슈를 다루었으며, <FONT color=#ff0000 size=2>Council for Environmental Quality, executive director of the subcommittee of the House Committee on Agriculture, and executive director of the Board on Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences <FONT color=#000000>등에서 활동했습니다.<BR></FONT></FONT></STRONG><BR><STRONG>1999년부터 지속적으로 유전자조작 곡물의&nbsp;재배와 살충제 사용량에 대한 분석을 해왔습니다. (<A href="http://www.nlpwessex.org/docs/benbrook.htm">http://www.nlpwessex.org/docs/benbrook.htm</A>)<BR><BR></STRONG><br />
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<P align=center><A href="http://gmwatch.org/index.php?option=com_content&#038;view=article&#038;id=11696:cherry-picking-new-report-on-gm-and-pesticides"><STRONG><FONT size=2>2009 Report (3.7m pdf)</FONT></STRONG></A></SMALL><BR><SMALL><STRONG><FONT size=2>Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops on Pesticide Use: The First Thirteen Years</FONT></STRONG></SMALL></P></TD></TR><br />
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<P align=center><A href="http://www.nlpwessex.org/docs/Benbrook2004.pdf"><SMALL><FONT size=2><STRONG>2004 Report (2.8m pdf)</STRONG></FONT></SMALL></A><BR><SMALL><FONT size=2><STRONG>Genetically Engineered Crops and Pesticide Use in the United States: The First Nine Years</STRONG></FONT></SMALL></P></TD></TR><br />
<TR><br />
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<P align=center><A href="http://www.nlpwessex.org/docs/Benbrook2003.pdf"><SMALL><FONT size=2><STRONG>2003 Report (869k pdf)</STRONG></FONT></SMALL></A><BR><SMALL><FONT size=2><STRONG>Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops on Pesticide Use in the United States: The First Eight Years</STRONG></FONT></SMALL></P></TD></TR><br />
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<P align=center><SMALL><A href="http://www.nlpwessex.org/docs/Benbrook%20corn_herb_use.pdf"><FONT size=2><STRONG>2001 Report (457k pdf)</STRONG></FONT></A><BR><FONT size=2><STRONG>Factors Shaping Trends in Corn Herbicide Use</STRONG></FONT></SMALL><BR><SMALL><FONT size=2><STRONG>(Including Impact of Herbicide-Tolerant Corn on Herbicide Use)</STRONG></FONT></SMALL></P></TD></TR><br />
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<P align=center><A href="http://www.nlpwessex.org/docs/Benbrooktroubledtimesfinal-exsum.pdf"><SMALL><FONT size=2><STRONG>2001 Report (458k pdf)</STRONG></FONT></SMALL></A><BR><SMALL><FONT size=2><STRONG>Troubled Times Amid Commercial Success for Roundup Ready Soybeans<BR>Glyphosate Efficacy is Slipping and Unstable Transgene Expression Erodes Plant Defenses and Yields (Executive Summary)</STRONG></FONT></SMALL></P></TD></TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD width=403><FONT face="Times New Roman"><I><br />
<P align=center></I></FONT><A href="http://www.nlpwessex.org/docs/BenbrookRR_yield_drag_98.pdf"><SMALL><FONT face=굴림 size=2><STRONG>1999 Report (280k pdf)</STRONG></FONT></SMALL></A><BR><SMALL><FONT face=굴림 size=2><STRONG>Evidence of the Magnitude and Consequences of the Roundup Ready Soybean Yield Drag from University-Based Varietal Trials in 1998</STRONG></FONT></SMALL></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><BR><BR><STRONG>=============<BR>* <FONT size=5>미국에서 1996–2011년 16년 동안 유전자조작 곡물의 살충제 사용 영향</FONT><BR><BR>1996~2011년 16년 동안 미국에서 제초제 내성 작물 재배로 인한 제초제 사용량은&nbsp;2억3900만kg&nbsp;증가하였으며, Bt 곡물은 살충제 사용량을 5600만kg 감소시켰다.&nbsp; 따라서 농약사용량은 1억8300만 kg&nbsp;늘어났다.(증가율 7%)<BR><BR>이러한 증가율을 유전자조작 옥수수와 콩에 사용하는&nbsp; 2,4-D의 사용량에 적용해보면, 농약&nbsp; 2,4-D 농약&nbsp;사용량이 50%나 증가했음을 알&nbsp;수 있다. <BR><BR>===============<BR><BR><FONT color=#ee22cc size=4>Impacts of genetically engineered crops on pesticide use in the U.S. &#8212; the first sixteen years</FONT><BR><BR>출처 : Environmental Sciences Europe 2012, 24:24 doi:10.1186/2190-4715-24-24<BR>Charles M Benbrook (</STRONG><A href="mailto:cbenbrook@wsu.edu"><STRONG>cbenbrook@wsu.edu</STRONG></A><STRONG>)</STRONG></P><br />
<P><A href="http://www.enveurope.com/content/pdf/2190-4715-24-24.pdf"><STRONG>http://www.enveurope.com/content/pdf/2190-4715-24-24.pdf</STRONG></A><STRONG>&nbsp; (원문 첨부파일)<BR><BR>Abstract<BR><BR>Background<BR><BR>Genetically engineered, herbicide-resistant and insect-resistant crops have been remarkable commercial successes in the United States. Few independent studies have calculated their impacts on pesticide use per hectare or overall pesticide use, or taken into account the impact of rapidly spreading glyphosate-resistant weeds. A model was developed to quantify by crop and year the impacts of six major transgenic pest-management traits on pesticide use in the U.S. over the 16-year period, 1996–2011: herbicide-resistant corn, soybeans, and cotton; Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn targeting the European corn borer; Bt corn for corn rootworms; and Bt cotton for Lepidopteron insects.<BR><BR>Results<BR><BR>Herbicide-resistant crop technology has led to a 239 million kilogram (527 million pound)<BR>increase in herbicide use in the United States between 1996 and 2011, while Bt crops have<BR>reduced insecticide applications by 56 million kilograms (123 million pounds). Overall,<BR>pesticide use increased by an estimated 183 million kgs (404 million pounds), or about 7%.<BR><BR>Conclusions<BR><BR>Contrary to often-repeated claims that today’s genetically-engineered crops have, and are<BR>reducing pesticide use, the spread of glyphosate-resistant weeds in herbicide-resistant weed management systems has brought about substantial increases in the number and volume of herbicides applied. If new genetically engineered forms of corn and soybeans tolerant of 2,4-D are approved, the volume of 2,4-D sprayed could drive herbicide usage upward by another approximate 50%. The magnitude of increases in herbicide use on herbicide-resistant hectares has dwarfed the reduction in insecticide use on Bt crops over the past 16 years, and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future.<BR></STRONG></P><br />
<P>=====================<BR><BR>New US Study Shows GM Crops Increase Use of Herbicides<BR><BR></P><br />
<P class=date sizset="12" sizcache09016182573391507="13" jQuery17105684093417750424="130">October 2, 2012 <SPAN sizset="12" sizcache09016182573391507="13" jQuery17105684093417750424="131"><EM>in </EM><A title="View all posts in Sustainable Agriculture" href="http://sustainablepulse.com/pulse/pulse-news/pulse-news-sustainable-agriculture/" rel="category tag" jQuery17105684093417750424="132"><EM><FONT color=#406a15>Sustainable Agriculture</FONT></EM></A></SPAN>, by <A title=henry href="http://sustainablepulse.com/members-area/henry/" jQuery17105684093417750424="133"><FONT color=#406a15>henry</FONT></A> <SPAN class="post-utility alignright" sizset="14" sizcache09016182573391507="13" jQuery17105684093417750424="134"><A class="ishare btn btn-mini btn-info" title="New US Study Shows GM Crops Increase Use of Herbicides" jQuery17105684093417750424="135">Share with</A> </SPAN></P><br />
<DIV class="entry hover" sizset="0" sizcache09016182573391507="223" jQuery17105684093417750424="136"><br />
<P class="" sizset="0" sizcache09016182573391507="223" jQuery17105684093417750424="137">The <A class="" href="http://gmoevidence.org/prof-charles-benbrook-gm-crops-increase-herbicide-use/" target=_blank jQuery17105684093417750424="138" _onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://gmoevidence.org']);"><FONT color=#406a15>latest study published</FONT></A> by Washington State University research professor Charles Benbrook finds that the use of herbicides in the production of three genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops — cotton, soybeans and corn — has actually increased. This counterintuitive finding is based on an exhaustive analysis of publicly available data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Agriculture Statistics Service. Benbrook’s analysis is the first peer-reviewed, published estimate of the impacts of genetically engineered (GE) herbicide-resistant (HT) crops on pesticide use.</P><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="139">Dr. Charles Benbrook, research professor, WSU Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources. Photo courtesy Washington State University. Click image to download hi-resolution version.</P><br />
<P class=hover jQuery17105684093417750424="140">In the study, which appeared in the the open-access, peer-reviewed journal “Environmental Sciences Europe,” Benbrook writes that the emergence and spread of glyphosate-resistant weeds is strongly correlated with the upward trajectory in herbicide use. Marketed as Roundup and other trade names, glyphosate is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide used to kill weeds. Approximately 95 percent of soybean and cotton acres, and over 85 percent of corn, are planted to varieties genetically modified to be herbicide resistant.</P><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="141">“Resistant weeds have become a major problem for many farmers reliant on GE crops, and are now driving up the volume of herbicide needed each year by about 25 percent,” Benbrook said.</P><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="142">The annual increase in the herbicides required to deal with tougher-to-control weeds on cropland planted to GE cultivars has grown from 1.5 million pounds in 1999 to about 90 million pounds in 2011.</P><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="143">Herbicide-tolerant crops worked extremely well in the first few years of use, Benbrook’s analysis shows, but over-reliance may have led to shifts in weed communities and the spread of resistant weeds that force farmers to increase herbicide application rates (especially glyphosate), spray more often, and add new herbicides that work through an alternate mode of action into their spray programs.</P><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="144">This latest study again rocks the GMO industry following on as it does from the recent study out of France showing that Roundup and GM maize could cause cancer.</P><br />
<H4 jQuery17105684093417750424="145">Major Findings</H4><br />
<P jQuery17105684093417750424="146">Herbicide-tolerant and Bt-transgenic crops now dominant U.S. agriculture, accounting for about one in every two acres of harvested cropland, and around 95% of soybean and cotton acres, and over 85% of corn acres.</P><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="147">Over the first six years of commercial use (1996-2001), HT and Bt crops reduced pesticide use by 31 million pounds, or by about 2%, compared to what it likely would have been in the absence of GE crops.</P><br />
<P jQuery17105684093417750424="148">Bt crops have reduced insecticide use by 10-12 million pounds annually over the last decade. From 1996-2011, Bt crops have reduced insecticide use on the three crops by 123 million pounds, or about 28%.</P><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="149">The annual per acre reduction in insecticide use on acres planted to Bt corn and cotton has trended downward since 1996, because of the shift toward lower-dose insecticides and the expansion of Bt corn onto acres that would not likely be treated with an insecticide.</P><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="150">The relatively recent emergence and spread of insect populations resistant to the Bt toxins expressed in Bt corn and cotton has started to increase insecticide use, and will continue to do so in response to recommendations from entomologists to preserve the efficacy of Bt technology by applying insecticides previously displaced by the planting of Bt crops.</P><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="151">Herbicide-tolerant crops worked extremely well in the first few years of use, but over-reliance led to shifts in weed communities and the emergence of resistant weeds that have, together, forced farmers to incrementally –</P><br />
<UL class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="152"><br />
<LI class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="153">Increase herbicide application rates (especially glyphosate),<br />
<LI jQuery17105684093417750424="154">Spray more often, and<br />
<LI jQuery17105684093417750424="155">Add new herbicides that work through an alternate mode-of-action into their spray programs. </LI></UL><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="156">Each of these responses has, and will continue to contribute to the steady rise in the volume of herbicides applied per acre of HT corn, cotton, and soybeans.</P><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="157">HT crops have increased herbicide use by 527 million pounds over the 16-year period (1996-2011). The incremental increase per year has grown steadily from 1.5 million pounds in 1999, to 18 million five years later in 2003, and 79 million pounds in 2009. In 2011, about 90 million more pounds of herbicides were applied than likely in the absence of HT, or about 24% of total herbicide use on the three crops in 2011.</P><br />
<P jQuery17105684093417750424="158">Today’s major GE crops have increased overall pesticide use by 404 million pounds from 1996 through 2011 (527 million pound increase in herbicides, minus the 123 million pound decrease in insecticides). Overall pesticide use in 2011 was about 20% higher on each acre planted to a GE crop, compared to pesticide use on acres not planted to GE crops.</P><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="159">There are now two-dozen weeds resistant to glyphosate, the major herbicide used on HT crops, and many of these are spreading rapidly. Millions of acres are infested with more than one glyphosate-resistant weed. The presence of resistant weeds drives up herbicide use by 25% to 50%, and increases farmer-weed control costs by at least as much.</P><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="160">The biotechnology-seed-pesticide industry’s primary response to the spread of glyphosate-resistant weeds is development of new HT varieties resistant to multiple herbicides, including 2,4-D and dicamba. These older phenoxy herbicides pose markedly greater human health and environmental risks per acre treated than glyphosate. Approval of corn tolerant of 2,4-D is pending, and could lead to an additional 50% increase in herbicide use per acre on 2,4-D HT corn.</P><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="161">Substantial volumes of Bt toxins are produced per acre planted to Bt corn and cotton. The volumes of these toxins produced by the plants on an acre exceed in nearly all cases the volume of insecticides displaced by the planting of a Bt cultivar. For example, Bt corn targeting the corn rootworm and related soil insects expresses one to two pounds of Bt toxins per acre, while displacing about 0.19 pound of insecticide per acre. The first GE crop expressing eight traits, so-called SmartStax corn, produces 3.7 pounds of Bt toxins per acre and displaces around 0.3 pounds of insecticides.</P><br />
<P jQuery17105684093417750424="162">Reductions in pesticide-related environmental and human health risks have been among the benefits thought to be associated with the shift to glyphosate-based HT crops and Bt corn and cotton. Over the last 16 years, there has been dramatic growth in the volumes of both Bt toxins and glyphosate required to bring crops to harvest. The levels of glyphosate and Bt in the ambient environment, animal feed, and food have markedly increased, creating a myriad of new exposure pathways.</P><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="163">Much new research will be required to translate emerging data on higher exposures to glyphosate and Bt toxins into estimates of human, farm and companion animal, and environmental risks.</P><br />
<H4 jQuery17105684093417750424="164">Important Terms and Definitions</H4><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="165">“Pesticide” is the term used by the U.S. EPA, and pest control experts and scientists, to describe any chemical sprayed or applied to control insects, weeds, plant disease, and rodents. “Pesticide” encompasses herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, and fumigants. “Pesticide use” on a given crop refers to the volume of pesticides applied during a production season, either per acre/hectare or across all acres/hectares planted to the crop. Pesticide use is typically measured as the sum of the pounds of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and other types of pesticides applied.</P><br />
<P jQuery17105684093417750424="166">“Genetically-engineered (GE) crops” have been transformed to express a novel trait using the tools of molecular biology. The new traits in GE crops are derived from a foreign species that is not sexually compatible with the transformed crop (e.g., a bacterium, a fish, an animal, a tree).</P><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="167">“Herbicide-tolerant (HT) crops” are genetically engineered to withstand the application of specific herbicides over the top of the crop, killing or stunting weed growth, while leaving the crop unharmed.</P><br />
<P jQuery17105684093417750424="168">“Herbicide-resistant weeds” have developed the capacity to withstand or overcome applications of herbicides that once killed or controlled the weed.</P><br />
<P class="" jQuery17105684093417750424="169">“Bt-transgenic (Bt) crops” refer to varieties of corn and cotton genetically engineered to biosynthesize in plant cells one or more protein endotoxins produced by subspecies of the bacterium <EM jQuery17105684093417750424="170">Bacillus thuriengiensis</EM>.</P><br />
<P class="" sizset="0" sizcache09016182573391507="159" jQuery17105684093417750424="171">Full Study:&nbsp;<A class="" href="http://gmoevidence.org/prof-charles-benbrook-gm-crops-increase-herbicide-use/" target=_blank jQuery17105684093417750424="172" _onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://gmoevidence.org']);"><FONT color=#406a15>gmoevidence.org</FONT></A></P><br />
<P class="" sizset="17" sizcache09016182573391507="13" jQuery17105684093417750424="173">Source:&nbsp;<A class="" href="http://cahnrsnews.wsu.edu/2012/10/01/summary-of-major-findings-and-definitions-of-important-terms/" target=_blank jQuery17105684093417750424="174" _onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-article','http://cahnrsnews.wsu.edu']);"><FONT color=#406a15>cahnrsnews.wsu.edu</FONT></A><BR><BR>&nbsp;</P></DIV></p>
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		<title>[식품안전] 농약 치는 염전,  함초·게 제거한다고 제초·살충제 마구 살포</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 16 Aug 2011 11:58:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[게]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[그라목손]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[농약]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[살충제]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품안전]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[염전]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[제초제]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[지오릭스]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[천일염]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[함초(鹹草)]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[[단독] 농약 치는 염전&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;천일염 생산 방해되는 함초·게 제거한다고 제초·살충제 마구 살포‘무공해’ 믿음 산산조각출처 : 입력 2011.08.16 (화) 00:00, 수정 2011.08.16 (화) 10:30&#160;http://www.segye.com/Articles/News/Society/Article.asp?aid=20110816000100&#038;ctg1=01&#038;ctg2=&#038;subctg1=01&#038;subctg2=&#038;cid=0101080100000&#160;&#160; 염전 명칭은 취재진이 방문한 순서에 따라 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><P>[단독] 농약 치는 염전&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>천일염 생산 방해되는 함초·게 제거한다고 제초·살충제 마구 살포<BR><BR>‘무공해’ 믿음 산산조각<BR><BR>출처 : <세계일보>입력 2011.08.16 (화) 00:00, 수정 2011.08.16 (화) 10:30&nbsp;<BR><A href="http://www.segye.com/Articles/News/Society/Article.asp?aid=20110816000100&#038;ctg1=01&#038;ctg2=&#038;subctg1=01&#038;subctg2=&#038;cid=0101080100000">http://www.segye.com/Articles/News/Society/Article.asp?aid=20110816000100&#038;ctg1=01&#038;ctg2=&#038;subctg1=01&#038;subctg2=&#038;cid=0101080100000</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR><BR></P><br />
<TABLE style="MARGIN-TOP: 10px; WIDTH: 270px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 10px" border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 align=left categoryid="2010000000000"><br />
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<TD><IMG alt="" src="http://www.segye.com/content/image/2011/08/15/20110815001456_0.jpg" width=270 height=454 categoryid="2010000000000"></TD></TR><br />
<TR><br />
<TD align=left><FONT style="FONT-FAMILY: arial; FONT-SIZE: 12px">염전 명칭은 취재진이 방문한 순서에 따라 알파벳으로 표현함.<BR></FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><BR>바닷물과 햇볕, 바람이 어우러져 만들어 내는 천일염. 자연의 결정체라서 깨끗하고 안전할 것으로만 여겨온 소비자들의 믿음이 산산조각나고 말았다. 일부 염전에서 제초제와 살충제 등 농약을 치는 사실이 확인됐다. ‘녹색 악마’로 불리는 ‘그라목손’과 유엔이 각국에 사용금지를 권고한 ‘지오릭스’도 포함돼 있다. 염전에서는 수십 년간 관행적으로 농약을 사용해 왔으나 관계 당국은 실태조차 파악하지 못하고 있다. 그러다 보니 잔류농약 검사 대상에서 빠져 있고 허용 기준도 마련돼 있지 않다.<br />
<P></P><br />
<P>세계일보 취재팀이 7월26일부터 29일까지 전남 해남군과 신안군, 영광군의 염전 8곳을 찾아 취재한 결과 8곳 모두에서 농약을 친 흔적을 확인했다. 염전 8곳 모두에서 쓰고 버린 것으로 보이는 농약병과 농약봉지가 발견됐다. 병과 봉지가 발견된 농약은 제초제인 ‘그라목손안티온’과 ‘풀방패’, 살충제인 ‘스미치온’과 ‘지오릭스’, ‘충모리’ 등 10가지 제품이다.</P><br />
<P>염전 중에서도 농약 살포 흔적이 집중적으로 발견된 곳은 바닷물을 증발시키는 1차 증발지(난치)와 주변 둑, 2차 증발지(누태) 일부 주변이었다. 7월 말이면 한해살이풀인 함초(鹹草)가 무성하게 자라 초록빛이어야 할 염전은 검붉게 변해 있었다. 염전 주변에 서식하는 게와 소라, 조개, 물고기도 집단 폐사해 수생생물을 찾아보기 힘들었다. 일부 염전 창고에서는 쓰다 남은 농약 상자, 등에 지는 농약 분무기, 모터로 살포하는 고속분무기가 발견됐다.</P><br />
<P>소금을 만드는 과정에서 왜 농약을 치는 것일까. 제초제는 염전에 그늘을 만들어 소금 생산에 차질을 주는 함초를 말려 죽이기 위해서다. 살충제는 염전에 구멍을 내 바닷물이 새어나가게 하는 게를 없애려고 친다. 한 주민은 “함초 싹이 자라는 6월과 가장 무성한 8월에 농약을 친다는 건 염전 주변 사람이라면 다 안다”며 “농약 치는 걸 외부에 보이지 않으려고 오전 일찍 작업을 한다”고 전했다.</P><br />
<P>염전의 농약 사용에 대한 당국의 관리감독은 전무한 실정이다. 염관리법에는 소금에 비소 등 중금속이 들어있는지를 검사하도록 하는 규정이 있을 뿐이다. 염전에서 농약을 칠 것이라고 미처 생각하지 못해 농약 기준을 만들지 않은 탓이다. 2008년 소금의 분류가 광물에서 식품으로 바뀌었으나 농약관리법이나 식품위생법의 적용 대상에서도 제외돼 왔다.</P><br />
<P>농림수산식품부는 취재가 시작되고 나서야 이 사실을 파악했다고 한다. 농림부 관계자는 15일 “취재 요청을 받고서 염전하는 사람들에게 물어봤더니 함초를 없애려고 일부 염전에서 농약을 뿌린다는 사실을 확인했다”면서 “곧 실태 조사에 나서겠다”고 밝혔다.</P><br />
<P>전문가들은 염전에서 농약을 쓴다고 해서 바로 국민 건강이 위협받는 건 아니지만 사용 및 잔류농약 기준을 만들어 엄격히 통제할 필요가 있다고 지적했다. 서울대 농업생명과학대 김정한 교수는 “염전에서 농약을 친다는 사실은 충격적”이라며 “소금도 다른 농산물처럼 품질관리 규정을 만들어 적용해야 한다”고 말했다.</P><br />
<P>특별기획취재팀= 박희준·신진호·조현일·김채연 기자 <BR><BR>=======================<BR><BR></P><br />
<DIV id=SG_ArticleHeadLine class=articleView-Box-R-T>서·남해안 천일염 생산 실태<FONT style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; MARGIN: 5px 0px 0px 7px; COLOR: #5e6d84; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><세계일보></FONT></DIV><br />
<UL><br />
<LI class=articleView-Box-R-Dr>입력 2011.08.16 (화) 02:08</LI></UL><br />
<DIV id=SG_ArticleHeadLine class=articleView-Box-R-T>염전업자 골칫거리 함초 알고보면 약초<FONT style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; MARGIN: 5px 0px 0px 7px; COLOR: #5e6d84; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><세계일보></FONT></DIV><br />
<UL><br />
<LI class=articleView-Box-R-Dr>입력 2011.08.16 (화) 02:09</LI></UL><br />
<DIV id=SG_ArticleHeadLine class=articleView-Box-R-T>[사진] &#8216;농약 염전&#8217;서 생산한 천일염<FONT style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; MARGIN: 5px 0px 0px 7px; COLOR: #5e6d84; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><세계일보></FONT></DIV><br />
<UL><br />
<LI class=articleView-Box-R-Dr>입력 2011.08.16 (화) 02:16, 수정 2011.08.16 (화) 09:36</LI></UL><br />
<DIV id=SG_ArticleHeadLine class=articleView-Box-R-T>염전 곳곳에 농약병… 물고기 수천마리 죽은 채 ‘둥둥’<FONT style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; MARGIN: 5px 0px 0px 7px; COLOR: #5e6d84; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><세계일보></FONT></DIV><br />
<UL><br />
<LI class=articleView-Box-R-Dr>입력 2011.08.16 (화) 02:04, 수정 2011.08.16 (화) 09:24</LI></UL><br />
<UL><BR><BR></UL></p>
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		<title>[식품안전] 대만, 한국산 수입 사과에 전수 농약 조사</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=2667</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=2667#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 29 Jan 2011 15:56:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[농약]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[대만]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품안전]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[잔류검사]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[전수검사]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[한국산 사과]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=2667</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[대만, 한국산 수입 사과에 전수 농약 조사출처 : 연합뉴스 &#124; 류종권 &#124; 입력 2011.01.29 12:00 (타이베이 CNA=연합뉴스) 대만 보건 당국인 위생서는 28일 한국산 수입 사과에서 잔류농약이 발견됨에 따라 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>대만, 한국산 수입 사과에 전수 농약 조사<BR><BR>출처 : 연합뉴스 <FONT color=#dfddde>| </FONT><SPAN>류종권</SPAN> <FONT color=#dfddde>| </FONT><SPAN>입력 <FONT size=1 face=Tahoma>2011.01.29 12:00</FONT></SPAN> <BR><BR>(타이베이 CNA=연합뉴스) 대만 보건 당국인 위생서는 28일 한국산 수입 사과에서 잔류농약이 발견됨에 따라 수입통관 과정에서 검사를 강화하겠다고 밝혔다. <BR><BR>위생서 식품약물관리국의 우쭝시(吳宗熹)과장은 지난 12월 이후 한국산 수입물량에서 6번에 걸쳐 잔류농약이 확인됐다고 밝히고 &#8220;식품 안전을 위해 앞으로 한국산 수입사과에 대해서는 전수 조사하겠다&#8221;고 말했다. <BR><BR>대만 당국은 2009년 말부터 한국산 수입사과 물량의 20%만을 선택적으로 조사해 왔다. <BR><BR>대만 시장에서 한국산 사과는 큰 인기를 누리고 있다. <BR><BR>rjk@yna.co.kr <BR><BR>(끝)</p>
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		<title>[식품안전] 주의력결핍 과잉행동 장애(ADHD), 음식물 속 농약섭취와 관련</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=2014</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=2014#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 18 May 2010 10:38:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ADHD]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Organophosphates]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pesticides]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[농약]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[주의력결핍 과잉행동 장애]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[&#8216;주의력결핍 과잉행동 장애&#8217;(attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)가 음식물을 통한 농약섭취와 밀접한 관련이 있다는 연구결과가 몬트리올대학교(the University of Montreal)와 하바드대학교(Harvard University의 공동연구팀에 의해&#160;발표되었습니다.이번 연구를 주도한&#160;몬트리올대학교의 메리세 부차드(Maryse Bouchard ) 박사팀은 의학전문지인 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><P>&#8216;주의력결핍 과잉행동 장애&#8217;(attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)가 음식물을 통한 농약섭취와 밀접한 관련이 있다는 연구결과가 몬트리올대학교(the University of Montreal)와 하바드대학교(Harvard University의 공동연구팀에 의해&nbsp;발표되었습니다.<BR><BR>이번 연구를 주도한&nbsp;몬트리올대학교의 메리세 부차드(Maryse Bouchard ) 박사팀은 의학전문지인 &#8216;소아과학&#8217;(journal <I>Pediatrics)</I> 에 연구결과를 기고했습니다.<BR><BR>채소와 과일에 함유된 유기인제 농약(organophosphates)을 많이 섭취한 어린이들이 주의력결핍 과잉행동 장애(ADHD) 질환에 걸린 비율이 높았다고&nbsp;합니다. </P><br />
<P>연구팀은 8세에서 15세 사이의 어린이 1,139명에게서 소변 샘플을 채취해 농약 섭취량을 분석한 뒤 ADHD 질환에 걸렸는지 여부를 비교했다고 합니다.&nbsp;</P><br />
<P>비교 결과 농약 섭취량이 가장 낮은 집단보다 10배 많은 농약을 섭취한 어린이 집단의 경우 ADHD에 걸렸을 가능성이 55% 높은 것으로&nbsp;나왔습니다. <BR><BR>SOURCES: Maryse Bouchard, Ph.D., adjunct researcher, department of environmental and occupational health, University of Montreal and Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Canada; Nakia Scott, M.D., clinical assistant professor, psychiatry and behavioral science, Texas A&#038;M Health Science Center College of Medicine, and child psychiatrist, Lone Star Circle of Care, College Station, Texas; June 2010 <I>Pediatrics</I><BR></P><br />
<H1>Study: A Link Between Pesticides and ADHD</H1><br />
<DIV class=byline sizset="37" sizcache="1469">By <SPAN class=name sizset="37" sizcache="1469"><A id=emailWriter href="http://www.time.com/time/letters/email_letter.html"><FONT color=#000000><STRONG>Alice Park</STRONG></FONT></A><STRONG> <BR></STRONG></SPAN><SPAN class=date><FONT color=#999999><BR>출처 : 타임(Time) Monday, May. 17, 2010<BR><A href="http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1989564,00.html?xid=rss-topstories">http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1989564,00.html?xid=rss-topstories</A><BR><BR><br />
<DIV id=TixyyLink style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; OVERFLOW: hidden; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; COLOR: #000000; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; TEXT-ALIGN: left; TEXT-DECORATION: none"><br />
<P sizset="0" sizcache="3143">Studies linking environmental substances to <A href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1989138,00.html" target=_blank><FONT color=#000000>disease</FONT></A> are coming fast and furious. Chemicals in <A href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1976909_1976908_1976938,00.html" target=_blank><FONT color=#000000>plastics and common household goods</FONT></A> have been associated with serious developmental problems, while a long inventory of <A href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1976909_1976895_1976914,00.html" target=_blank><FONT color=#000000>other hazards</FONT></A> are contributing to rising rates of modern ills: heart disease, obesity, diabetes, autism.</P><br />
<P sizset="59" sizcache="1686">Add attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to the list. A new study in the journal <I>Pediatrics</I> associates exposure to pesticides with cases of ADHD in the U.S. and Canada. In the U.S. alone, an estimated 4.5 million children ages 5 to 17 have been diagnosed with ADHD, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and rates of diagnosis have risen 3% a year between 1997 and 2006. Increasingly, research suggests that chemical influences, perhaps in combination with other environmental factors — like video games, hyperkinetically edited TV shows and flashing images in educational DVDs aimed at infants — may be contributing to the increase in attention problems.<SPAN class=see sizset="59" sizcache="1686"><A href="http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2006/autismschool/" target=_blank><FONT color=#000000>(See pictures of a school for autistic children.)</FONT></A></SPAN></P><br />
<P>Led by Maryse Bouchard in Montreal, researchers based at the University of Montreal and Harvard University examined the potential relationship between ADHD and exposure to certain toxic pesticides called organophosphates. The team analyzed the levels of pesticide residue in the urine of more than 1,100 children ages 8 to 15 and found that those with the highest levels of dialkyl phosphates, which are the breakdown products of organophosphate pesticides, had the highest incidence of ADHD. Overall, they found a 35% increase in the odds of developing ADHD with every tenfold increase in urinary concentration of the pesticide residue. The effect was seen even at the low end of exposure: kids who had any detectable, above-average level of the most common pesticide metabolite in their urine were twice as likely as those with undetectable levels to record symptoms of the learning disorder.</P><br />
<P sizset="60" sizcache="1686">&#8220;I was quite surprised to see an effect at lower levels of exposure,&#8221; says Bouchard, who used data on ADHD from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a long-term study of health parameters of a representative sample of U.S. citizens.<SPAN class=see sizset="60" sizcache="1686"><A href="http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1887486,00.html" target=_blank><FONT color=#000000>(See how fidgeting can actually help kids with ADHD.)</FONT></A></SPAN></P><br />
<P sizset="61" sizcache="1686">Bouchard&#8217;s analysis is the first to home in on organophosphate pesticides as a potential contributor to ADHD in young children. But the author stresses that her study uncovers only an association, not a direct causal link between pesticide exposure and the developmental condition. There is evidence, however, that the mechanism of the link may be worth studying further: organophosphates are known to cause damage to the nerve connections in the brain — that&#8217;s how they kill agricultural pests, after all. The chemical works by disrupting a specific neurotransmitter, acetylcholinesterase, a defect that has been implicated in children diagnosed with ADHD. In animal models, exposure to the pesticides has resulted in hyperactivity and cognitive deficits as well. <SPAN class=see sizset="61" sizcache="1686"><A href="http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1989564,00.html#comments" target=_blank><FONT color=#000000>(Comment on this story.)</FONT></A></SPAN></P><br />
<P>&#8220;I am very confident in the correlation in this study, because we controlled for quite a few things that we thought could play a role,&#8221; says Bouchard. &#8220;Adjusting for those things did not change the results very much. Which indicates that there is very little potential for confounding in this association between pesticides and ADHD.&#8221;</P><br />
<P>The results call for additional studies to determine exactly which foods and which residential uses of pesticides may be most likely to lead to harm in children. Although Bouchard&#8217;s study did not determine the exact method of exposure in the participants, youngsters are most likely to ingest the chemicals through their diet — by eating fruits and vegetables that have been sprayed while growing — according to the National Academy of Sciences. The study also raises the possibility of setting a national threshold for safe levels of exposure; the study authors note that according to the U.S. Pesticide Residue Program report, organophosphates were detected in 28% of frozen blueberries and in 19% of celery samples tested for pesticides. It is not clear whether those levels pose a threat to cognitive function in children, but the current study&#8217;s findings suggest it may be wise to figure that out.</P><br />
<P>In the meantime, Bouchard suggests that concerned parents try to avoid using bug sprays in the home and to feed their children organically grown fruits and vegetables, if possible. (Otherwise, parents should be careful to scrub all produce to reduce residue.) While pesticide-free fruits and greens may be more costly, Bouchard says they may be worth the price in terms of future health.</P><BR><BR>Read more: <A href="http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1989564,00.html?xid=rss-topstories#ixzz0oElQ3u00"><FONT color=#000000>http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1989564,00.html?xid=rss-topstories#ixzz0oElQ3u00</FONT></A><BR></DIV></FONT></SPAN></DIV><BR><BR>=========================<BR>Pesticides tied to ADHD in children in U.S. study<BR><BR>출처 : 로이터통신 <STRONG><FONT color=#008000>May 17 11:23 AM</FONT></STRONG> <BR><BR><br />
<DIV class=yn-story-content><br />
<P>NEW YORK (Reuters) – Children exposed to pesticides known as organophosphates could have a higher risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), according to a U.S. study that urges parents to always wash produce thoroughly.</P><br />
<P>Researchers tracked the pesticides&#8217; breakdown products in children&#8217; urine and found those with high levels were almost twice as likely to develop ADHD as those with undetectable levels.</P><br />
<P>The findings are based on data from the general U.S. population, meaning that exposure to the pesticides could be harmful even at levels commonly found in children&#8217;s environment.</P><br />
<P>&#8220;There is growing concern that these pesticides may be related to ADHD,&#8221; said researcher Marc Weisskopf of the <SPAN class=yshortcuts id=lw_1274139509_0>Harvard School of Public Health</SPAN>, who worked on the study.</P><br />
<P>&#8220;What this paper specifically highlights is that this may be true even at low concentrations.&#8221;</P><br />
<P>Organophosphates were originally developed for chemical warfare, and they are known to be toxic to the nervous system.</P><br />
<P>There are about 40 <SPAN class=yshortcuts id=lw_1274139509_1 style="CURSOR: hand; BORDER-BOTTOM: #366388 2px dotted">organophosphate pesticides</SPAN> such as malathion registered in the United States, the researchers wrote in the journal Pediatrics.</P><br />
<P>Weisskopf said the compounds have been linked to behavioral symptoms common to ADHD &#8212; for instance, impulsivity and attention problems &#8212; but exactly how is not fully understood.</P><br />
<P>Although the researchers had no way to determine the source of the breakdown products they found, Weisskopf said the most likely culprits were pesticides and insecticides used on produce and indoors.</P><br />
<P>Garry Hamlin of <SPAN class=yshortcuts id=lw_1274139509_2>Dow AgroSciences</SPAN>, which manufactures an organophosphate known as chlorpyrifos, said he had not had time to read the report closely.</P><br />
<P>But, he added&#8221; &#8220;the results reported in the paper don&#8217;t establish any association specific to our product chlorpyrifos.&#8221;</P><br />
<P>Weisskopf and colleagues&#8217; sample included 1,139 children between 8 and 15 years. They interviewed the children&#8217;s mothers, or another caretaker, and found that about one in 10 met the criteria for ADHD, which jibes with estimates for the general population.</P><br />
<P>After accounting for factors such as gender, age and race, they found the odds of having ADHD rose with the level of pesticide breakdown products.</P><br />
<P>For a 10-fold increase in one class of those compounds, the odds of ADHD increased by more than half. And for the most common breakdown product, called dimethyl triophosphate, the odds of ADHD almost doubled in kids with above-average levels compared to those without detectable levels.</P><br />
<P>&#8220;That&#8217;s a very strong association that, if true, is of very serious concern,&#8221; said Weisskopf. &#8220;These are widely used pesticides.&#8221;</P><br />
<P>He emphasized that more studies are needed, especially following exposure levels over time, before contemplating a ban on the pesticides. Still, he urged parents to be aware of what insecticides they were using around the house and to wash produce.</P><br />
<P>&#8220;A good washing of <SPAN class=yshortcuts id=lw_1274139509_3 style="BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; CURSOR: hand; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none">fruits and vegetables</SPAN> before one eats them would definitely help a lot,&#8221; he said.</P><br />
<P>(Reporting by Reuters Health, Editing by Belinda Goldsmith)</P></DIV></p>
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		<title>[기업감시] 남미의 ‘대두 광풍’</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1965</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 2010 12:58:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[GMO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ADM]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[곡물가 급등]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[남미]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[농약]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[대두]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[몬산토]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[붕헤(번지)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[석유 메이저]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[수질오염]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[신젠타]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[아마존 난개발]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자조작 콩]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[제초제]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[카길]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[토지집중화]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[호흡기질환]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[환경파괴]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[[국제칼럼]남미의 ‘대두 광풍’&#160;&#160;이성형 &#124; 서울대 라틴아메리카硏 교수출처 : 경향신문 2010-04-25 18:17:53http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=201004251817535&#038;code=990000 남미에 콩밭이 늘어나고 있다. 아르헨티나 팜파 지대에서 파라과이와 볼리비아, 그리고 브라질의 아마존 지역에 이르기까지 온통 대두 열풍에 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><P>[국제칼럼]남미의 ‘대두 광풍’&nbsp;<BR><BR>&nbsp;이성형 | 서울대 라틴아메리카硏 교수<BR><BR>출처 : 경향신문 2010-04-25 18:17:53<BR><A href="http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=201004251817535&#038;code=990000">http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=201004251817535&#038;code=990000</A></P><br />
<P>남미에 콩밭이 늘어나고 있다. 아르헨티나 팜파 지대에서 파라과이와 볼리비아, 그리고 브라질의 아마존 지역에 이르기까지 온통 대두 열풍에 미쳐 있다. 이른바 ‘대두 공화국’은 국경을 넘어 경계를 넓히고 있다. 광활한 팜파에서 알팔파를 먹고 자라던 아르헨티나 소들도 이제 복합사료를 먹고 있다. 팜파 지대의 풀밭이 콩밭으로 바뀌고 있기 때문이다. 팜파의 농지 가격도 지난 7년간 6~7배가량 폭등했다. 아르헨티나 총 경작지 3000만㏊의 64%가 이제 콩밭이다. 올해 수출하는 대두는 5200만t이나 된다.</P><br />
<P>아르헨, 경작지 64%가 이미 콩밭</P><br />
<P>브라질 마투그로수주의 주지사인 블레로 마기는 이미 국제적 인물이 되었다. ‘대두왕’이라 불리는 그는 아마존의 열대우림과 사바나 지대를 마구 태워 콩밭을 크게 넓히는 데 기여했다. 아마존의 난개발을 우려하는 환경부장관 실바 마리나가 2008년 주지사의 정책에 반발하여 사표를 던졌을 때 루이스 이냐시오 룰라 다 실바 대통령은 미련 없이 주지사의 손을 들어 주었다. 대두 수출로 버는 달러가 없다면 경제운영이 그만큼 어렵기 때문이다.</P><br />
<P>대두 수요는 끝없이 증가한다. 중국은 연간 3000만~4000만t을 수입한다. 육식이 늘어나자, 콩기름과 닭과 오리 사료로 쓰이는 콩깻묵 수요도 크게 증가했다. 여유 농지와 수자원이 부족한 중국으로서는 수입에 의존하는 수밖에 없다. 대두유는 또 바이오디젤을 만드는 데 이용된다. 고유가 시대에 바이오디젤 사용을 적극적으로 권장하는 유럽연합(EU)이 있기 때문에 대두 수요는 계속 증가할 것으로 보인다.</P><br />
<P>대두 공화국의 인구는 그리 많지 않다. 오늘날 대두 농사는 농부들의 사업이 아니다. 유전자 조작 씨앗을 파는 종자회사, 영농회사, 가공회사, 수출유통회사 몇 개가 움직이는 과두제 공화국이다. 신젠타, 몬산토, 붕헤(번지), 카길, ADM, 석유 메이저 등이 명망가 카르텔을 형성한다. 이들은 시민사회는 물론 국가의 유력자들에게 줄을 대고 자신들의 사업이 현지 국가의 미래를 책임지고 있다고 선전한다. </P><br />
<P>대두 수출 붐의 혜택을 입고 있는 위정자들은 이들의 유혹에 쉽게 넘어간다. 아르헨티나 정부는 대두 수출세로 수출단가의 35%를 거둬들이니 짭짤하다. 유전자조작 대두를 경작하면 ㏊당 4~10t의 대두를 얻는다. 현재 시카고 선물시장에서 t당 가격이 350~360달러 선이니 대두업계의 벌이도, 정부의 벌이도 꽤 괜찮은 셈이다.</P><br />
<P>하지만 후유증도 많다. 첫째, 대두 영농은 과두제적 게임이므로 과실이 골고루 분배되지 않는다. 대두 농지가 늘어나면 밀과 같은 주곡과 과채류의 생산량은 준다. 자연히 도시 소비자의 장바구니 물가는 올라갈 수밖에 없다. 아르헨티나에서는 곡물가는 물론 쇠고기 값도 올라가고 있다. </P><br />
<P>아마존 파괴·곡물가 급등 ‘후유증’</P><br />
<P>둘째, 아마존과 사바나 지역의 파괴 속도도 빠르다. 바이오디젤을 만들기 위해 열대우림을 파괴한다는 어처구니없는 역설을 생각해보라. </P><br />
<P>셋째, 유전자조작 대두는 다량의 제초제와 농약을 살포하여 수확하기 때문에 농지는 물론 주변 환경에 나쁜 영향을 준다. 콩밭 주변 부락민들은 호흡기질환, 수질오염 등으로 피해를 본다. 넷째, 가족농도 점차 해체되고 있다. 정부 지원은 대규모 수출영농에 초점이 맞춰져 있기 때문에 중소형 농가는 점점 궁지에 몰리고 있다. 농지개혁은커녕 토지 집중화가 가속화되고 있다. 이 모든 것이 브라질의 룰라와 같은 중도좌파 정부에 의해 주도되고 있다는 것도 아이러니다. 전통적으로 중남미 좌파는 1차산품 수출 모델을 비판해왔고, 대안으로 농지개혁과 산업구조의 고도화를 내세웠다. 하지만 지금은 모두 중국 달러에 취해 나라 전체를 콩밭으로 만들고 싶어한다.<BR></P></p>
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		<title>[GMO] 유전자조작 기술 남용 우려, 미 국립연구위(NRC) 보고서</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1933</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1933#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 14 Apr 2010 21:52:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[GMO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[기업감시]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Genetically engineered crops]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[국립연구위원회(NRC)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[농약]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[라운드업 레디]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[몬산토]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자변형]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유전자조작 기술]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1933</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[왜 연합뉴스는 미국 국립연구위원회(NRC) 보고서를 소개한 뉴욕타임즈 기사를 번역하면서 몬산토 얘기는 한마디도 하지 않았을까?The Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States (2010)출처 : [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><P>왜 연합뉴스는 미국 국립연구위원회(NRC) 보고서를 소개한 뉴욕타임즈 기사를 번역하면서 몬산토 얘기는 한마디도 하지 않았을까?<BR><BR><SPAN><A href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12804">The Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States (2010)</A><BR></SPAN><BR>출처 : <A href="http://dels.nas.edu/banr/farmbiotech.shtml">http://dels.nas.edu/banr/farmbiotech.shtml</A><BR>요약문 : <A href="http://dels.nas.edu/dels/rpt_briefs/genetically_engineered_crops_report_brief_final.pdf">http://dels.nas.edu/dels/rpt_briefs/genetically_engineered_crops_report_brief_final.pdf</A><BR><BR><STRONG>&nbsp;</STRONG>Report Release and Public Briefing</P><br />
<P>The Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States</P><br />
<P>Tuesday, April 13, 2010, 11:00 am-12:30 pm</P><br />
<P><B>♦ The briefing will be streamed live at: <A href="http://nationalacademies.org/" target=_blank>http://nationalacademies.org/</A>.♦</B></P><br />
<P>Lecture Room, 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC<BR><BR>======================================<BR><BR>&#8220;유전자 변형 기술 남용시 득보다 실&#8221;&nbsp;<BR><BR>출처 :&nbsp;연합뉴스 <SPAN class=date>2010/04/14 16:25&nbsp;</SPAN><BR><A href="http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/international/2010/04/14/0608000000AKR20100414168300009.HTML?template=2089">http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/international/2010/04/14/0608000000AKR20100414168300009.HTML?template=2089</A><BR>&nbsp;<BR>(서울=연합뉴스) 유전자변형 기술이 미국 농업에 상당한 환경적, 경제적 혜택을 가져왔으나 이를 남용할 경우 얻는 것보다 잃는 것이 더 많을 수 있다는 주장이 제기됐다고 뉴욕타임스(NYT) 인터넷판에 13일 보도했다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 미국 국립과학원 산하 국립연구위원회(NRC)가 발간한 이번 보고서에 따르면 유전자 변형 농작물은 농가들이 농약 살포 횟수를 줄이거나 덜 해로운 농약을 쓸 수 있도록 하고 작물 재배에 드는 비용이 상대적으로 저렴한 데 비해 수확량은 높다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 그러나 연구를 이끈 데이비드 E. 어빈 포틀랜드 주립대 환경 관리 및 경제학 교수는 농가들이 유전자 변형 작물인 `라운드업 레디&#8217;를 과도하게 파종하면서 유전자 변형 기술 도입의 장점이 퇴색될 우려가 높다고 강조했다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 라운드업 레디는 제초제인 `라운드업&#8217;에 대한 저항성을 갖도록 유전자를 변형한 작물로, 잡초를 제거하기 위해 라운드업을 뿌려도 작물에는 아무런 영향이 없다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 그러나 농가들이 라운드업 레디를 과도하게 파종하면서 제초제에 내성을 가진 잡초들도 점차 늘어나고 있으며 그 결과 유전자 변형 작물을 파종했음에도 불구하고 일부 농가들은 독성이 더욱 강한 제초제를 필요로하기에 이르렀다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 이에 대해 보고서는 &#8220;농가들의 농업 형태가 유전자 변형 작물의 병충해 관리 기능을 약화시키고 더욱 환경파괴적인 농업 형태로 되돌아가도록 할 가능성을 높이고 있다&#8221;고 결론지었다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 현재 미국에서 재배되는 옥수수, 대두, 목화의 80%가량은 유전자 변형종으로 이들은 모두 `라운드업&#8217;이나 해충에 대한 저항성을 갖고 있다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 미국 농가들은 처음 유전자 변형 기술이 소개됐을때 이를 가장 먼저 도입했으며 여전히 유전자 변형 농작물의 절반가량이 미국에서 재배되고 있다는 점은 이들이 유전자 변형 기술을 이로운 것으로 받아들이고 있다는 사실을 보여준다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 그러나 유전자 변형 작물이 인체와 환경에 해로울 수 있다며 이에 비판적인 과학자들은 이러한 기술의 도입으로 결과적으로 농약에 대한 의존도는 높아졌으나 정작 농작물의 수확량에는 미미한 효과를 가져왔을 뿐이라고 주장하고 있다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 유기농법을 연구하는 오가닉센터의 농업경제학자 찰스 벤브룩 박사는 지금까지는 유전자 변형 작물 종자의 가격이 낮았고 제초제에 내성을 가진 잡초들도 퍼지기 전이었다며 &#8220;(유전자 변형 기술의)비용은 훨씬 커질 것이고 환경에 대한 영향도 현저하게 증가할 것&#8221;이라고 우려했다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; <A href="mailto:mong0716@yna.co.kr">mong0716@yna.co.kr</A><BR><BR>================================<BR><BR></P><br />
<H1 class=articleHeadline>Study Says Overuse Threatens Gains From Modified Crops</NYT_HEADLINE></H1><NYT_BYLINE><br />
<H6 class=byline><FONT size=2>By </FONT><A class=meta-per title="More Articles by Andrew Pollack" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/p/andrew_pollack/index.html?inline=nyt-per"><FONT color=#004276 size=2>ANDREW POLLACK</FONT></A></H6></NYT_BYLINE><br />
<H6 class=dateline><FONT size=2>출처 : NYT Published: April 13, 2010<BR></FONT><A href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/14/business/energy-environment/14crop.html"><FONT size=2>http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/14/business/energy-environment/14crop.html<BR></FONT></A><BR><A class=meta-classifier title="More articles about genetically modified food." href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/g/genetically_modified_food/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier"><FONT color=#004276 size=2>Genetically engineered crops</FONT></A><FONT size=2> have provided “substantial” environmental and economic benefits to American farmers, but overuse of the technology is threatening to erode the gains, a national science advisory organization said Tuesday in a report.<BR><BR><br />
<P>The report is described as the first comprehensive assessment of the impact of genetically modified crops on American farmers, who have rapidly adopted them since their introduction in 1996. The <A title="Crop report." href="http://www.national-academies.org/morenews/20100413.html"><FONT color=#004276>study was issued</FONT></A> by the <A class=meta-org title="More articles about National Research Council" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/n/national_research_council/index.html?inline=nyt-org"><FONT color=#004276>National Research Council</FONT></A>, which is affiliated with the <A class=meta-org title="More articles about National Academy of Sciences" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/n/national_academy_of_sciences/index.html?inline=nyt-org"><FONT color=#004276>National Academy of Sciences</FONT></A> and provides advice to the nation under a Congressional charter. </P><br />
<P>The report found that the crops allowed farmers to either reduce chemical spraying or to use less harmful chemicals. The crops also had lower production costs, higher output or extra convenience, benefits that generally outweighed the higher costs of the engineered seeds. </P><br />
<P>“That’s a long and impressive list of benefits these crops can provide, and have provided to adopting farmers,” David E. Ervin, the chairman of the committee that wrote the report, said on Tuesday during a webcast news conference from Washington. </P><br />
<P>But Dr. Ervin, a professor of environmental management and economics at Portland State University in Oregon, warned that farmers were jeopardizing the benefits by planting too many so-called Roundup Ready crops. These crops are genetically engineered to be impervious to the herbicide Roundup, allowing farmers to spray the chemical to kill weeds while leaving the crops unscathed. </P><br />
<P>Overuse of this seductively simple approach to weed control is starting to backfire. Use of Roundup, or its generic equivalent, glyphosate, has skyrocketed to the point that weeds are rapidly becoming resistant to the chemical. That is rendering the technology less useful, requiring farmers to start using additional herbicides, some of them more toxic than glyphosate. </P><br />
<P>“Farmer practices may be reducing the utility of some G.E. traits as pest-management tools and increasing the likelihood of a return to more environmentally damaging practices,” the report concluded. It said the problem required national attention. </P><br />
<P>More than 80 percent of the corn, soybean and cotton grown in the United States is genetically engineered. The crops tolerate Roundup, are resistant to insects, or both. </P><br />
<P>American farmers were the first to widely adopt the technology and still account for about half of all the engineered crops grown. The crops are also being widely grown in Latin America and parts of Asia but are still largely shunned in Europe. </P><br />
<P>The rapid adoption of the crops is evidence that American farmers see the technology as beneficial. </P><br />
<P>Critics of biotechnology, who say the crops may be risky to health and the environment, have issued studies saying that use of the crops has resulted in increased reliance on pesticides and has had only a minimal effect on crop yields. </P><br />
<P>The National Research Council report, more than 200 pages, was prepared by a committee of mainly academic scientists, and it relied primarily on peer-reviewed papers. </P><br />
<P>Still, the report is not likely to win over critics of the crops. </P><br />
<P>One critic, Charles Benbrook, said the conclusion that the crops help farmers might not be true in the future. That is because the report relies mostly on data from the first few years, before prices of the biotech seeds rose sharply and the glyphosate-resistant weeds proliferated. </P><br />
<P>“This is a very different future,” said Dr. Benbrook, an agricultural economist who is chief scientist at the Organic Center, which promotes <A class=meta-classifier title="More articles about organic food." href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/o/organic_food/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier"><FONT color=#004276>organic food</FONT></A> and farming. “The cost is going to be way higher. The environmental impacts are going to go up fairly dramatically.” </P><br />
<P>As prices of the biotech seeds have risen sharply, even some farmers are now starting to question whether they are worth it. Just last week, <A class=meta-org title="More information about Monsanto Co" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/monsanto_company/index.html?inline=nyt-org"><FONT color=#004276>Monsanto</FONT></A>, the leading agricultural biotechnology company, said it would lower the prices of its newest genetically engineered soybeans and corn seeds because farmers were not buying as many as it had expected. </P><br />
<P>The Justice Department is investigating whether Monsanto, which has patents on the Roundup Ready system, is violating antitrust laws, unduly increasing prices or hindering innovation. </P><br />
<P>The National Research Council report addresses this issue briefly without mentioning Monsanto. It says that patent licensing terms have “not adversely affected the economic welfare of farmers who adopt G.E. crops.” But it said there was some evidence that the availability of nonengineered crops “may be restricted for some farmers.” <BR><BR>Monsanto, in a statement, said the report “affirms what farmers know — that agricultural biotechnology has delivered substantial environmental and economic benefits.” It said it was working with farmers to help manage and monitor herbicide-resistant weeds. <BR><BR></P><br />
<P>Shares of Monsanto, which have been falling since January, slipped nearly 2 percent Tuesday to $67.75. </P><br />
<P>The report said that the use of Roundup Ready crops had led to a huge increase in the spraying of glyphosate but a nearly equal decrease in the use of other herbicides. That is a net environmental benefit, the report said, because glyphosate is less toxic to animals than many other herbicides and does not last long in the environment. </P><br />
<P>The report compared genetically modified crops with the conventionally grown crops they replaced, not to organic crops. </P><br />
<P>The use of herbicide-tolerant crops has also made it easier for farmers to forgo tilling as a way to control weeds. So-called no-till farming helps prevent soil erosion and the runoff of rainwater containing sediments and chemicals. The improvement in water quality could prove to be the largest benefit of the crops, the report said, though it added that efforts should be made to measure any such effects. </P><br />
<P>The other major class of genetically engineered crops consists of the so-called BT corn and BT cotton, which contain bacterial genes allowing the plants to produce an insecticide. </P><br />
<P>The report said that use of chemical insecticides had declined as BT crops had spread. In areas with heavy insect pressure, it said, the use of the crops has increased farmer income because of higher yields and reduced spending on insecticide. </P><br />
<P>The report said that when genetically engineered crops were introduced, some had lower yields than conventional varieties, a finding often cited by critics. But the report said newer studies showed either a modest increase in yield or no effect. </P><br />
<P>Chuck Myers, a corn and soybean farmer from Nebraska who was not involved in the report, said that even if biotechnology had not increased the intrinsic yield potential of the crops, “If you’re controlling a pest, you’re preserving your yield.” </P><br />
<P>==============================<BR></P></FONT></H6></p>
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		<title>[미국산 쇠고기] &#8220;유해물질 함유 쇠고기 미국 내 유통&#8221;</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1930</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1930#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Apr 2010 20:42:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[농약]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[미국산 쇠고기]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[유해물질 함유 미국 쇠고기]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[잔류물질 검사]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[중금속]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[항생물질]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[미 농무부 감사관에서 미국 내 쇠고기 잔류물질(항생제, 중금속, 농약 등 식육에 잔류해 있는 물질) 검사 프로그램에 관한 감사결과를 2010년 3월 25일자로 발표했더군요.(감사보고서 전문은 첨부파일 참조보고서에 관한 요약은 USA [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><P>미 농무부 감사관에서 미국 내 쇠고기 잔류물질(항생제, 중금속, 농약 등 식육에 잔류해 있는 물질) 검사 프로그램에 관한 감사결과를 2010년 3월 25일자로 발표했더군요.(감사보고서 전문은 첨부파일 참조<BR><BR>보고서에 관한 요약은 USA Today에서 기사화하였고, 국내에서는 오늘자 연합뉴스에서 이를 요약 번역하여 기사화하였습니다. (기사 전문은 아래 참조)<BR>&nbsp;<BR>USA Today는 기사 제목을 &#8220;시중에 유통되는 오염된 쇠고기에 대한 우려 점점 커져&#8221;라고 했고, 연합뉴스는 기사 제목을 &#8220;유해물질 함유 쇠고기 미국 내 유통&#8221;이라고 했더군요.<BR>&nbsp;<BR>미국의 식품안전 체계가 다원화되어 있다보니 쇠고기 제품의 살모넬라 및 O157 병원성 대장균은 농무부에서 검사하고&#8230; 중금속이나 오염물질은 환경보호국에서 검사하고&#8230; 항생제 및 의약품은 식품안전청에서 검사를 하고 있는데&#8230; 서로 공조가 원할하게 될 리가 없다보니 규제의 사각지대가 발생할 수 밖에 없지요. <BR>&nbsp;<BR>축산업자들 입장에서는 오염된 쇠고기를 팔아먹을 수 있는 좋은 기회가 생긴 셈이고, 소비자들 입장에서는 정부와 축산업자를 신뢰할 수 없고, 쇠고기의 안전성을 보장받을 수 없으며, 툭하면 일어나는 각종 식중독 사고에 노출될 수 밖에 없는 실정입니다.<BR>&nbsp;<BR>30개월 이상 캐나다산 쇠고기가 광우병 위험이 높기 때문에 미국 내 수입을 금지해야 한다고 미국 정부와 소송을 벌이고 있는 축산단체(The National Cattlemen&#8217;s Beef Association)는 미 농무부 홈페이지에 공개되어 있는 보고서를 읽지 못했다는 핑계로 코멘트 자체를 거부했나 보네요.<BR><BR>자세한 내용은 아래 내용들과 첨부파일을 참고하시기 바랍니다.<BR><BR>===================<BR><BR>&#8220;유해물질 함유 쇠고기 미국 내 유통&#8221;</P><br />
<P>출처 : 연합뉴스 2010/04/13 16:39 송고<BR><A href="http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/international/2010/04/13/0608000000AKR20100413161700009.HTML?template=2088">http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/international/2010/04/13/0608000000AKR20100413161700009.HTML?template=2088</A><BR>&nbsp;<BR>(서울=연합뉴스) 미국에서 인체에 해로운 농약과 항생물질, 중금속 등이 함유된 쇠고기가 당국의 검사 기준 미비로 시중에 버젓이 유통되고 있어 우려를 자아내고 있다고 USA투데이 인터넷판이 13일 보도했다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 신문에 따르면 미 농무부 감사관(OIG)은 인체에 해로운 농약과 항생물질, 중금속 등이 든 쇠고기가 시중에 판매되고 있어 문제의 쇠고기를 소비한 소비자들의 건강에 대한 우려가 커지고 있다고 밝혔다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; OIG는 무엇보다 미 농무부 식품안전검역청(FSIS)의 쇠고기 화학 잔류물질 검사 프로그램이 제대로 운영되지 않고 있다고 지적했다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; FSIS의 검사 프로그램의 기준이 되는 환경보호청(EPA)과 식품의약국(FDA)에는 잠재적으로 인체에 해로울 수 있는 많은 물질에 대한 기준이 마련돼 있지 않은 상황이라고 OIG는 말했다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; OIG는 2008년 멕시코 당국이 멕시코 국내 기준치를 초과하는 구리가 함유된 미국산 쇠고기의 수입을 거부했지만, 정작 미국에서는 관련 기준이 없어 멕시코 당국이 수입을 거부한 쇠고기가 미국 내에서 판매되는 것을 막을 근거가 없었다면서 기준 마련의 시급함을 지적했다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 이에 대해 FSIS는 서면 성명을 통해 유해 잔류물질 등이 시중에 유통되지 않도록 FDA, EPA와 협력하겠다고 약속했다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 미국 소비자 단체인 &#8216;푸드 앤드 워터 와치&#8217; 소속 로비스트인 토니 코르보는 &#8220;용납될 수 없는 일&#8221;이라면서 &#8220;국민 건강에 진짜 영향을 미칠 수 있는 물질들&#8221;이라고 말했다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 7가지 항생물질 사용 금지 법안을 추진 중인 민주당의 루이스 슬로터 의원은 OIG의 이번 감사결과는 축산농가의 항생물질 사용에 대한 합당한 기준을 의회가 시급히 마련해야 한다는 점을 보여주는 것이라고 말했다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; <A href="mailto:yunzhen@yna.co.kr">yunzhen@yna.co.kr</A><BR><BR>======================<BR><BR><SPAN class=inside-head><STRONG><FONT size=6>&#8216;Growing concern&#8217; over marketing tainted beef </FONT></STRONG></SPAN><BR><BR>By <A class=linkedBylineName href="http://www.usatoday.com/community/tags/reporter.aspx?id=513"><FONT color=#00529b>Peter Eisler</FONT></A>, USA TODAY<BR><BR>출처 : USA TODAY<BR><A href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2010-04-12-tainted-meat_N.htm?csp=34">http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2010-04-12-tainted-meat_N.htm?csp=34</A></P><br />
<DIV class=inside-copy><BR>WASHINGTON — Beef containing harmful pesticides, veterinary antibiotics and heavy metals is being sold to the public because federal agencies have failed to set limits for the contaminants or adequately test for them, a federal audit finds. </DIV><br />
<P class=inside-copy>A program set up to test beef for chemical residues &#8220;is not accomplishing its mission of monitoring the food supply for … dangerous substances, which has resulted in meat with these substances being distributed in commerce,&#8221; says the audit by the <A title="More news, photos about U.S. Department of Agriculture" href="http://content.usatoday.com/topics/topic/Organizations/Government+Bodies/United+States+Department+of+Agriculture"><FONT color=#00529b>U.S. Department of Agriculture</FONT></A>&#8216;s Office of Inspector General.</P><br />
<P class=inside-copy>The health effects on people who eat such meat are a &#8220;growing concern,&#8221; the audit adds.</P><br />
<P class=inside-copy>The testing program for cattle is run by the USDA&#8217;s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), which also tests meat for such pathogens as salmonella and certain dangerous strains of E. coli. But the residue program relies on assistance from the Environmental Protection Agency, which sets tolerance levels for human exposure to pesticides and other pollutants, and the Food and Drug Administration, which does the same for antibiotics and other medicines.</P><br />
<P class=inside-copy><br />
<DIV class=inside-copy><B>DOCUMENTS: </B><A href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2010-04-12-tainted-meat_N.htm?csp=34#table"><FONT color=#00529b>Read the audit report</FONT></A></DIV><br />
<P><FONT color=#00529b></FONT></P><br />
<P class=inside-copy>Limits have not been set by the EPA and FDA &#8220;for many potentially harmful substances, which can impair FSIS&#8217; enforcement activities,&#8221; the audit found.</P><br />
<DIV id=tagCrumbs></DIV><br />
<P class=inside-copy>The FSIS said in a written statement that the agency has agreed with the inspector general on &#8220;corrective actions&#8221; and will work with the FDA and EPA &#8220;to prevent residues or contaminants from entering into commerce.&#8221; </P><br />
<P class=inside-copy>Even when the inspection service does identify a lot of beef with high levels of pesticide or antibiotics, it often is powerless to stop the distribution of that meat because there is no legal limit for those contaminants.</P><br />
<P class=inside-copy>In 2008, for example, Mexican authorities rejected a U.S. beef shipment because its copper levels exceeded Mexican standards, the audit says. But because there is no U.S. limit, the FSIS had no grounds for blocking the beef&#8217;s producer from reselling the rejected meat in the United States.</P><br />
<P class=inside-copy>&#8220;It&#8217;s unacceptable. These are substances that can have a real impact on public health,&#8221; says Tony Corbo, a lobbyist for Food and Water Watch, a public interest group. &#8220;This administration is making a big deal about promoting exports, and you have Mexico rejecting our beef because of excessive residue levels. It&#8217;s pretty embarrassing.&#8221; </P><br />
<P class=inside-copy>Some contamination is inadvertent, such as pesticide residues in cows that drink water fouled by crop runoff. Other contaminants, such as antibiotics, often are linked to the use of those chemicals in farming. For example, the audit says, veal calves often have higher levels of antibiotic residue because ranchers feed them milk from cows treated with the drugs. Overuse of the antibiotics help create antibiotic-resistant strains of diseases.</P><br />
<P class=inside-copy>The National Cattlemen&#8217;s Beef Association declined to comment because officials there had not seen the audit.</P><br />
<P class=inside-copy>The audit &#8220;shows clearly the need for quick action by Congress to place some reasonable limits on the use of antibiotics in farm animals,&#8221; says Rep. Louise Slaughter, D-N.Y., who has more than 100 co-sponsors on her bill to ban seven types of antibiotics from being used indiscriminately in animal feed. &#8220;If we don&#8217;t remedy this problem, who knows what kind of havoc these residues will have on our bodies.&#8221;<BR><BR>=========================<BR><BR>미 농무부 식품안전검사국의 쇠고기 잔류물질 검사&nbsp;프로그램 감사보고서<BR><BR>출처 : 미 농무부 감사관 보고서&nbsp;(첨부파일) 2010년 3월 25일자<BR><A href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/24601-08-KC.pdf">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/24601-08-KC.pdf</A><A name=table></A></P></p>
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		<title>[농약/살충제] 2011년 이후 고독성 농약 퇴출될 듯</title>
		<link>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1407</link>
		<comments>http://www.chsc.or.kr/?post_type=reference&#038;p=1407#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 16 Nov 2009 09:46:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>건강과대안</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[식품 · 의약품]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[고독성 농약]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[그라목손]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[녹색악마]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[농약]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[살충제]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[신젠타]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[파라쿼트]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[2011년 이후 고독성 농약 퇴출될 듯 출처 : 연합뉴스 2009/11/16 07:11 송고 &#160;(서울=연합뉴스) 정성호 기자 = 2011년 이후에는 독성이 강한 고(高)독성 농약이 퇴출될 것으로 보인다. &#160;&#160; 16일 농림수산식품부와 [...]]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><P>2011년 이후 고독성 농약 퇴출될 듯</P><br />
<P>출처 : 연합뉴스 2009/11/16 07:11 송고</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;<BR>(서울=연합뉴스) 정성호 기자 = 2011년 이후에는 독성이 강한 고(高)독성 농약이 퇴출될 것으로 보인다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 16일 농림수산식품부와 농촌진흥청에 따르면 정부는 농약 제조업체와 협의해 2011년 이후에는 고독성 농약을 시장에 내놓지 않기로 했다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 농약은 독성의 강도에 따라 &#8216;맹독성-고독성-보통독성-저독성&#8217; 등 4단계로 분류되는데 현재 등록된 1천300여개 농약 품목 중 맹독성은 한 종류도 없고, 고독성은 15종류다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 고독성 농약은 짧은 시간 동안 농약을 살포하기만 해도 그 과정에서 흡입한 농약으로 중독될 수 있는 농약을 말한다. DDVP, EPN 등이 해당된다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 다만 전체 농약 중 사용량을 기준으로 한 고독성 농약의 비중은 3∼4%로 많지 않다. 대부분은 저독성 농약이다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 하지만 고독성 농약은 음독이나 중독으로 인한 사고를 일으키는 주범이다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 정부는 15종의 고독성 농약 가운데 농수산물 검역 과정에서 쓰이는 훈증제 형태의 농약과 산림 방제용 농약 등 3종을 제외한 12종은 2011년 이후 생산되지 않도록 한다는 방침이다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 농촌진흥청 관계자는 &#8220;업계들과 협의해 고독성 농약은 2012년부터 유통되지 않도록 하기로 했다&#8221;며 &#8220;업계도 자율적으로 여기에 동참하고 있다&#8221;고 말했다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 정부는 또 농촌에서 자살 기도에 가장 흔하게 쓰이는 제초제인 파라쿼트(일명 그라목손)에 대한 관리를 강화하는 방안도 마련하기로 했다. 그라목손은 독성 분류상 보통독성에 속하지만 농촌 자살에 쓰이는 농약의 70∼80%를 차지하는 것으로 추정돼 &#8216;녹색 악마&#8217;로도 불린다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 농약은 잡초나 병충해 등의 제거를 위해 불가피하지만 농업인의 중독 사고나 고의적.우발적 음용에 따른 사망.장애 같은 부작용을 낳고 있다. 지하수나 농업용수 등의 오염, 토양 오염, 농산물의 잔류 농약 등도 문제다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 정부는 이에 따라 미생물이나 천연제재를 사용한 친환경 농약의 사용을 확대하는 정책도 추진하고 있다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; 농촌진흥청 관계자는 &#8220;고독성 농약과 그라목손을 포함해 앞으로 3년 이후에는 농약으로 인한 음독.중독 사고가 생기지 않을 수준으로 농약에 대한 관리를 강화할 것&#8221;이라고 말했다.</P><br />
<P>&nbsp;&nbsp; <A href="mailto:sisyphe@yna.co.kr">sisyphe@yna.co.kr</A></P><br />
<P>============================<BR><BR>파라콰트</P><br />
<P>출처 : <A href="http://enc.daum.net/dic100/contents.do?query1=10XXXX9421">http://enc.daum.net/dic100/contents.do?query1=10XXXX9421</A></P><br />
<P>파라콰트(Paraquat)는 농약 제초제(除草劑)의 일종이다. 그라목손 또는 그라목숀(Gramoxone)으로도 알려져 있으며, 독성이 매우 강하여 유럽이나 미국에서는 이미 판매가 금지되어 있고, 일본에서는 1/10 정도로 희석하여 사용하도록 하고 있다. 또한 토양에서의 반감기가 578일에 이르는 것으로 조사되어 있다.[1]</P><br />
<P>역사</P><br />
<P>파라콰트는 1961년 Imperial Chemical Industries(현재는 신젠타(Syngenta) 사) 사에 의해 상업적 목적으로 최초로 생산되었고, 가장 널리 사용되었던 제초제이다. EU는 2004년 파라콰트의 사용을 승인하였으나, 스웨덴, 오스트리아, 핀란드가 사용을 승인한 EU 위원회를 제소, 2007년 7월 11일 EU법원은 파라콰트의 사용승인을 취소하였다.[2]</P><br />
<P><BR>독성</P><br />
<P>이 농약 제초제는 먹으면 즉사하는 것은 물론이고 피부에 닿아도 흡수가 매우 빨라 죽게 된다. 파라콰트가 인체에 들어가게 되면 인체 각 장기를 섬유화시켜 기능을 못하게 하여 사망하게 한다. 경구 투여 기준으로 2-4시간 후에 최고 농도에 달하게 되며 특히 신장과 폐에 집중적으로 퍼져 활성 산소로 변화하는데, 이는 지방의 산화 작용, 세포 기능의 저하, 세포막의 변형 등을 일으켜 호흡곤란으로 사망하게 된다. 이 농약은 산소와 친화성이 강하므로 산소가 많은 폐가 제일 먼저 섬유화되어 뻣뻣하여 져 호흡을 못해 사망하게 된다. 그러므로 산소 투여는 환자를 빨리 사망하게 한다. 산소 투여는 일반적으로 금기이다. 그러나 경험 많은 의사라면 환자의 상태에 따라 산소 투여를 할 수도 있다. 사실상 치료약은 없다. 혹시 마셔도 혈액이나 소변에 검출되지 않을 정도의 양이라면 살 수 있는 경우도 있으나 대부분 1-2주 내에 사망한다. 체력이 좋은 젊은 사람은 한 달 정도 사는 경우도 있으나 노인이라면 수시간 내에 사망할 수도 있을 만큼 맹독성이다. 치료로서는 Fuller&#8217;s earth로 위세척을 하고 위(胃)에 잔류시키는 방법, 복막 투석, 혹은 비타민 제제를 사용하기도 하나, 환자의 생사(生死)는 마신 양에 절대적으로 달려 있다. 한 모금 이상 마셨다면 거의 생존은 불가능하다.</P><br />
<P><SPAN class=mw-headline>각주</SPAN></P><br />
<OL class=references><br />
<LI id=cite_note-0><A title="" href="http://enc.daum.net/dic100/contents.do?query1=10XXXX9421#cite_ref-0">↑</A> <A class="external text" title=http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=1999040653 href="http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=1999040653" target=_blank rel=nofollow><FONT color=#002bb8>독성농약 ‘파라쿼트‘, 논.밭에 그대로 축적, 문화일보, 1999-04-06</FONT></A><br />
<LI id=cite_note-1><A title="" href="http://enc.daum.net/dic100/contents.do?query1=10XXXX9421#cite_ref-1">↑</A> COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES <A class="external text" title=http://curia.europa.eu/en/actu/communiques/cp07/aff/cp070045en.pdf href="http://curia.europa.eu/en/actu/communiques/cp07/aff/cp070045en.pdf" target=_blank rel=nofollow><FONT color=#002bb8>PRESS RELEASE No° 45/07</FONT></A></LI></OL></p>
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